Discovering Western America

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The reason that we have the western part of U.S. was because of the successful planed

expedition by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson insisted that it would be necessary to know more

about the land west "In an address to Congress on Jan. 18,180, President Thomas Jefferson

mentioned the need for knowing more about the lands west of the Mississippi River." (Field

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Enterprises Educational Corporation1). Once the Congress accepted his proposal he sent a

letter to his private secretary asking him to lead this expedition and he choose William Clark to

lead with him "To lead the exploratory expedition, Jefferson chose Captain Meriwether Lewis ,

his private secretary. To help Lewis, he selected William Clark, ...and a close friend of Lewis."

(Field Enterprises Educational Corporation 1). Although Lewis and Clark both had men with

them to help them on this expedition the journey was not so easy to accomplish.

This expedition had many purposes. In the letter that Thomas Jefferson send to Lewis it

explained their mission

The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters for the pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregan, Colorado, or any other river, may offer the most direct and practible water-communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce. (Letter from

President Thomas Jefferson ).

This is just one part of their mission they also had to find out the kind of people that lived near

the Missouri River "Their language, traditions, monuments...food, clothing, and domestic

accommodations...Moral and physical circumstances which distinguish them from the

tribes...Peculiarities in their laws, customs, and dispositions"(Letter from President Thomas

Jefferson ). Lewis and Clark also had to report any supplies that might be useful or unknown by

the United States

The soil and face of the country, its growth and vegetable productions, especially those not of the United States...animals of the country generally...remains and accounts of any which may be deemed rare...mineral productions of every kind, but more particularly metals, lime-stone, pit-coal, and saltpeter; salines and mineral waters, noting the temperature of the last, and such circumstances as may indicate their character (Letter from President Thomas Jefferson ).

Lewis had a fascination with plants mostly because his mother was a practicing herbalist. He

also relied on the plants. Since he was in charge of the health of the men he and Sacagawea were

always looking out for plants that might be useful for medical aid or as a food.

Lewis was entrusted with caring for the health of the men. He and Sacagawea were always alert for plants with medicine value. They were also constantly on the look out for those plants they could use for food. For future reference, Lewis described native plants on which the Indians and members of the expedition relied for food and medicine. He knew such information would aid future travelers to the region (The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark1).

Lewis and Clark found shrubs, wild onions, Bitterroot and flax "Lewis and Clark discovered an

abundance of a shrub called golden current...Lewis collected blossoming Bitterroot

specimen...Wild onions were discovered in the Three Forks area...Lewis also discovered flax in

this area (The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark 1).

Sacagawea was a slave that had been sold to a French trapper, Toussaint Charbonneau.

She originally came from the Shoshone a tribe from the Rocky Mountains. She was kidnaped

by the Hadasta when she was 1 yrs old "When she was 1 years old, she had been kidnaped and

taken as a slave. Her captors were Hidatsa....then sold her to Toussaint Charbonneau"

(Sacagawea 1). Lewis and Clark met her in Mandan, where they had built Fort Mandan, when

Charbonneau looked for them and offered to help on the expedition "At Fort Mandan ,

Charbonneau sought out the party and offered his services as an interperter...Lewis and Clark had

contracted with Charbonneau as an interpreter and Sacagawea had given birth to a

son...Charbonneau , Sacagawea and little Jean Baptiste joined the expedition"(Sacagawea 1).

Sacagawea became an essential part of the expedition. She was the one who could speak

Shoshone and had knowledge of the native plants and the fact that she was a women and had a

child gave them security

Sacagawea became an invaluable member of the expedition. Her courage and knowledge of native plants, languages, and terrain all contributed to the success of the expedition. She served as an interpreter, and was the only person who could speak Shoshone. Sacagawea also offered the party a measure of protection . Since women and infants were never included in war parties (Sacagawea 1).

Sacagawea helped Lewis and Clark during the expedition once the boat that they were traveling

on almost tipped over she stayed in the boat and saved all of the important papers and

instruments "Her husband couldn't swim, and as other members of the party scrambled to paddle

the waterlogged boat to shore, she remained calm and stayed with the boat, reaching out into the

heavy waves to retrieve nearly all of the Corps' important papers and instruments" (Sacagawea

1). When Lewis and Clark reached the Shoshones' in the Rocky Mountains, there they found out

that Sacagawea's brother was the chief of the Shoshones' "In an amazing twist of fate, the tribe's

chief, Cameahwait, was none other than Sacagawea's brother" (Sacagawea 1). This ensured

Lewis and Clark horses and a person to guide them through the mountains "Were it not for

Sacagawea and Cameahwait, the party likely would not be outfitted [for the rest of the

expedition]. Lewis and Clark were able to secure many horses, and even an experienced guide to

take them across the mountains" (Sacagawea 1).

During the expedition Lewis and Clark encountered many different Indian tribes. One of

the tribes that they met was the Sioux. To be able to speak to them Lewis and Clark would send

two of their men to tell them about it first "We sent sergeant Pryor and young Mr. Dorion with

some tobacco, corn, and a few kettles for them to cook in, with directions to inform the chiefs

that we would speak to them tomorrow" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1804). Since

they had to take notes about all of the tribes that they encountered Sergeant Pryor informed them

all they saw in the Sioux camp

Sergeant Pryor informs me that when they came near the Indian camp, they were met... buffalo robe to carry them. Mr. Dorion informed they were not the owners of the boats and did not wish to be carried. The Sioux's camps are handsome-of a conic form, covered all around. An open part in the center for the fire, with buffalo robes. Each lodge has a place for cooking detached. The lodges contained from fifteen persons. A fat dog was presented as a mark of their great respect to the party, of which they partook heartily, and thought it good and well flavored (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1804).

In order to meet the chiefs and make a good start with them Lewis and Clark would prepare gifts

for them this way the chiefs would know that they came in peace and did not want to harm them

"After preparing some presents for the chiefs, which we intended to make by giving medals, and

finishing a speech, which we intended to give them" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 0

1804 ). When Lewis and Clark met with the chiefs they did it under a tree "we sent Mr. Dorion

in a pirogue for the chiefs and warriors, to a council under an oak tree, near where we had a flag

flying on a high flagstaff" (the Journal of Lewis & Clark August 0 1804). To show peace they

would all some the pipe of peace "We smoked out of the pipe of peace, and the chiefs retired to a

bower, made of bushes by their young men" (the Journals of Lewis and Clark August 0 1804).

While Lewis and Clark talked to the chiefs they would observe them to make specific reports

about them "The Sioux are a stout, bold-looking people; the young men handsome and well

made. The greater part of them make use of bows and arrows. Some few fuses [rifles] I

observed among them, notwithstanding they live by the bow and arrow" (the Journals of Lewis &

Clark August 0 1804). After the Indians talked amongst themselves over night they met on the

next day this time it was to close the agreement "After the Indians got their breakfast, the chiefs

met and arranged themselves in a row, with elegant pipes of peace all pointing to our seats. We

came forward, and took our seats. The great chief, The Shake Hand, rose, and spoke at some

length, approving what we had said, and promising to pursue the advise" (the Journals of Lewis

& Clark August 1 1804).While they stayed with the Indians they also took notes of what they

did "Last nigh the Indians danced until late in their dances...This nation is divided into twenty

tribes, possessing separate interests. Collectively, they are numerous-say from two to three

thousand men. Their interests are so unconnected that some band are at war with nations with

which other bands are on the most friendly terms" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark August 1

1804).

While Lewis and Clark were not meeting Indians and taking notes of their acts they

would write about the time they would start walking again and some of the land marks they saw

the rivers they passed or crossed "Set out early...Passed a large island. Opposite this island near

the head, the Ponca River comes into the Missouri from the west. Tins river is about 0 yards

wide" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 5 1804 ). Lewis and Clark would keep on

traveling and take notes of everything they saw every animal they found and killed or captured.

"In descending this cupola, discovered a village of small animals that burrow in the

ground...Killed one, and caught one alive, by pouring a great quantity of water in his hole. We

attempted to dig to the beds of one of those animals. After digging 6 feet, found, by running a

pole down, that we were not halfway to his lodge" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 7

1804). Lewis and Clark would also make note of the weather that they had "A very cold

morning. Wind S.E. Set out at daylight" (the Journals of Lewis & Clark September 7 1804).

Also, while they were on the expedition they would note all the mountains that they would pass

and how wide and tall they were "We landed after proceeding 51/ miles, near the foot of a

round mountain, which I saw yesterday, resembling a dome. Captain Lewis and myself walked

up to the top, which forms a cone and is about 70 feet higher than the high lands around it. The

base is about 00 feet" (the Journals of Lewis and Clark September 1804). When they would

find an animal that they did not recognize they would give a full description of it. If the

animal had any characteristics of another animal they would compare them "Those animals are

about the size of a small squirrel, shorter [or longer] and thicker, the head much resembling a

squirrel in every respect, except the ears, which they shake, and whistle when alarmed . The

toenails long. They have fine fur and the longer hair is gray" (the Journal of Lewis & Clark

September 7 1804). Lewis and Clark had many of these kinds of reports.

Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to make a better western empire for France. In order to get

what he wanted he would have to get Louisiana back from Spain "Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

had a vision of a renewed western empire for France, and his schemes included the rapture of

Louisiana from Spain" (The Cabildo 1). Recovering Louisiana from Spain would give him the

opportunity to put a stop to the United States growth and he would supply goods to the French

colonies "Control over this vast territory would halt the westward expansion of the young United

States and would supply French colonies in the West Indies with the goods they needed (The

Cabildo1). Napoleon signed the Treaty of Ildefonso in secret withe Spain, to get Louisiana back "

In 1800, Napoleon signed the secret Treaty of Ildefonso withe Spain" (The Cabildo 1). By

signing this treaty he agreed to give the son-in-law of Spain's king a kingdom "an agreement that

stipulated that France would provide Spain with a kingdom for the son-in-law of Spain's king if

Spain would return Louisiana to France" (The Cabildo 1). All of Napoleon's plans were ruined

when the slaves beat the French resulting for them not to get to Louisiana "Napoleon's plan

collapsed when the twelve-year revolt of slaves and free blacks in the French colony of Saint-

Domingue succeeded, forcing the French troops to return defeated to France and preventing them

from reaching their ultimate destination�Louisiana�and from being able to defeat it" (The

Cabildo 1).

The United State wanted the Louisiana because it was at the mouth of the Mississippi

River and they needed to have free will over how to use the river that way they could use it as

transportation for goods "The United States wanted to acquire the area near New Orleans

primarily to guarantee its right to sail vessels down the Mississippi River through Spanish

territory and unload goods at New Orleans for shipment to the Atlantic coast and Europe.

Moreover, the United States wanted to posses the entire territory of Louisiana" (The Cabildo 1).

When the United States found out about the trading of Louisiana between France and Spain

Robert Levingston was sent to France to try to buy New Orleans from Napoleon "The United

States discovered the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France and sent Robert Livingston to

France 1801 to try to purchase New Orleans" (The Cabildo 1). When Napoleon did not want to

sell the New Orleans Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to make an agreement but before he

could get to France Napoleon offered the United States the whole Louisiana "Napoleon initially

refused, leading President Thomas Jefferson to send James Monroe to secure the deal. However,

in April 180, just days before Monroe was to arrive in Paris, Napoleon offered to sell the United

States not only New Orleans but all of Louisiana (The Cabildo 1). All of the negotiations were

done with James Monroe, Levingston and Barbe-Marbois, the price of Louisiana would be $15

million in total "Napoleon's minister of the treasury, the Marquis de Barbe-Marbois , dealt with

Livingston and Monroe over terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States purchased

Louisiana for $11,50,000 and assumed claims of its own citizens against France up to

$,750,000, for a total purchase price of $15 million" (The Cabildo 1). William Charles Cole

Claiborne was elected by Thomas Jefferson to govern the lower part of Louisiana and General

James Wikinson backed Claiborne withe the power of the military "Thomas Jefferson selected

William Charles Cole Claiborne, former governor of the Mississippi territory and highest-

ranking civilian official in the vicinity, to govern lower Louisiana . Backing Claiborne with

military power was General James Wikinson" (The Cabildo ). The United States did not get

Louisiana at once first they got the lower part then they got the rest later on "On December 0.

180, again in The United States took formal possession of the full territory of Louisiana,

although its boundaries were vaguely defined in St. Louis three months later, France handed over

the rights to upper Louisiana" (The Cabildo ).Thomas Jefferson wanted to be remembered for

three accomplishments during his public life he was the third president of the United States he

was governor of Virginia and was the secretary of state under George Washington as vice-

president. "Thomas Jefferson wished to be remembered for three achievements in his public life.

He had served as governor of Virginia, as U.S. minister to France, as secretary of state under

George Washington as vice-president in the administration of John Adams, and as president of

the United States from 1801 to 180 (Thomas Jefferson 1). Even though he wanted people to

remember him for these accomplishments on him tombstone he did not put any of them on it, it

was his will not to "On his tombstone, however, which he designed and for which he wrote the

inscription, there is no mention of these offices. Rather, it reads that Thomas Jefferson was

author "author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statue of Virginia

for the religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia" (Thomas Jefferson 1).

If it weren't for the following people and events much of the United States wouldn't have

come into existence Louisiana Purchase, Sacagawea, Jefferson, Lewis, and Clark. Those people

and events are the reason why the western part of the United States exists. Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. The World Book Encyclopedia L. U.S.A.

T 160

Letter from President Thomas Jefferson. AP Online 1August 00

http//www.mt.net/~rojomo/landc.htm

Sacagawea. AP Online 1 August 00

http//montanakids.com/db_engine/presentation.asp?pid=104&sub=The+story+of+sacagawea

The Cabildo. AP Online 1August 00

http//lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cabildo.htm

the Journals of Lewis & Clark. AP Online 1 August 00

http//www.sierraclub.org/lewisandclark/journal/index.asp?date=8/0/1804&source=Clark

The Discovery of Plants by Lewis and Clark . AP Online 0 August 00

http//montanakids.com/db_engine/presentation.asp?pid=17&sub=Plants

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Executive Compensation Outline

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Whats Happening in the Area of Executive Compensation

1.) Managerial employees represent the most common group to be identified as requiring special compensation programs. The reasons why this is so are the following.

• Managers represent a disproportionately high percentage of total wage costs, even though managers are a small percentage of the total workforce.• Managerial employees are a vital part of the workforce and it is important to individualize compensation for each manager, particularly executives.

• It is necessary to develop measures of individual performance that are tied to organizational success, since a key note for a mangers success is organizationally.

.) It is important to identify the group of employees who are the highest paid; this is because executive compensation plans provide favorable tax treatments to the highest paid employees.

According to the IRS a key employee is someone

• One of 10 employees owning a large percentage of the company.

• Any employee who owns more than 5% of the company.

• An employee who owns 1% of the company and makes more than $150,000 a year.

• Anyone who qualifies for the first two factors in being a key employee is excluded if they earn less than $45,000.

According to the IRS the definition of a highly paid employee is someone

• Owns 5% of the company

• Employee who earns $75,000 a year.

• Any employee who is at the top 0% of all salaries paid to active employees and has made over $50,000.

• Any officer who earned over 150% of the dollar limit for annual additions to a defined contribution plan.

.) Many critics think that executive pay rises in all circumstances, many times an Executive Compensation Consultant is hired and one of the following three things may happen

• The consultant figures out that the CEO is underpaid and the executive's salary is increased.

• The consultant is asked to compare the executives salary to a set of companies who are known to pay highly (this occurs if the CEO is not underpaid and the company is successful. If this is the case then the consultant will recommend to raise the executives pay.

• If the CEO is not underpaid and the company is not being successful than the consultant will recommend a raise to prevent the idea that a turnover in the company is inevitable.

4.) A major problem amongst companies today are that CEO's are paid too much compared to blue collar workers.

• In the Year 180 the average company CEO made 4 times more money compared to the common blue-collar worker.

• In the 10 the average company CEO made 85 times more money compared to the common blue-collar worker.

• In the year 000 is when the real difference in CEO from the past and present began the average CEO made 51 times more then the average worker.

Please note that this sample paper on Executive Compensation Outline is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Executive Compensation Outline, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Executive Compensation Outline will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The product and its associated concepts

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The product and its associated concepts, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The product and its associated concepts paper at affordable prices!

According to Kotler (001), a product can be defined as basically anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption with the possibility of satisfying a want or need. Within a product, there are three distinct levels, which outline the different levels of benefits or offerings from the product or company. Each level of offerings is focused closely around the needs and wants of the consumer, and are also used as a comparison to the offerings of competing products. The three mentioned levels include the core product level, the actual product level, and the augmented product level. Each concept level is significant to the final presentation of the product. This concept of the multi-level product is also an exceptional tool in attempting to meet all levels of consumer needs and wants. BMW motoring group are an exemplary company to illustrate this concept.

The core level of a product is described by Crawford & Di Benedetto (000, pg.4) as "the real purpose for which the product was created". The core product is described by Moseley (000) as being used to distinguish not what the product is, or how it functions, but is focused on what the product will result in or offer as a final result. In this regard, BMW have described their core product not as a luxurious form of transport, but as "an ultimate and superior driving experience" (Breen, 00 pg.1). From this, it can be proposed that this belief was the core benefit BMW believed they offered to the consumer. BMW's ultimate goal was clear "to be the leader in every premium segment

of the international automotive industry (Koland, 00. pg.10) and so in order to

accomplish this distinct goal, BMW aligned their product, through use of the multi-level product concept, to best suit the needs and wants, in relations to goods and services on offer, to the "high-end of the industry". (Guyer, 00. Pg.15)Write my Essay on The product and its associated concepts for me

The second level of a product is the actual product level. This level demonstrates the existent elements and attributes in which the product holds, such as the product's parts, styling, features, brand name, packaging and other characteristics that combine to deliver core product benefits (Kotler, 001). This level is important in depicting the immediate benefits involved with the product, such as, in relation to BMW, free maintenance, or possibly the diverse range of options available in regard to luxury and styling to personalise the vehicle to best suit the consumer needs and wants, or, again, perhaps even the prestige and honourable image acquired in relation to owning such an eminent product. Other benefits or services that are considered actual products may be the 4-hour consumer hotlines, dealership locations, dealer uniform styling or the fact that all dealership layouts and designs are extremely similar. Benefits such as these are associated with this actual level of the product and complement the core benefits level.

The final product level is proclaimed as the augmented product level. Kotler (001) claims that the augmented product level outlines the additional and complementary consumer services, offerings and benefits built around the core and actual products.

(Kotler, 001). In addition to this, King (17, pg.14) also claims that "..competitive effectiveness increasingly demands that the successful seller offer his prospect and his customer more than the generic product itself. He must surround his generic product

with a cluster of value satisfactions that differentiates his total offering from his competitors". This statement, again illustrates the need for additional benefits surrounding the core and actual benefits, to fulfil and satisfy the needs and wants of consumers, in an attempt to be perceived as a more appealing product than that of competitors. BMW offers such services as, obviously, warranties, finance and delivery but in addition also offers courtesy cars, 4 hour road side assistance, 1 months free maintenance, an airport shuttle service, a customer assurance program and even driver training programs to differentiate between themselves and competitors (Martin, 15). By offering such a diverse range of additional services, BMW are perhaps enticing more consumers to their product than the competing companies are attracting.

The multi-level product concept is considered extremely advantageous to the marketing of products. This concept allows marketers to explore and research the many levels of needs, wants and desires of the numerous assorted markets. Thus, accordingly being able to decide on the most beneficial market to target, whilst also determining the most pertinent methods in which to advertise and market these products, in order to be most

prosperous. Crane (001) states that perhaps it is unlikely that the values of all consumers can be satisfied with any given products offerings, and so it is important to focus the product to a direct target market whilst still broadly catering for all other

markets, in order to accomplish successful marketing. Moseley (000) further added the concept of simply researching and focusing on the most beneficial target market and focus on repeat purchasing. BMW discusses their marketing strategy as "changing before the market forces us to change" (Koland, 00. Pg.118). This idea

forwarded by BMW, has been the key to their success in becoming the leading luxury car distributor in the world. Guyer (00) introduces the supposition that business and social conditions have changed quite radically, in terms of competitive pressures, technological advances, safety and environmental regulations as well as consumer preferences, and so by BMW leading the way and pioneering the innovation sequence, they are controlling the market and generating the most appeal from consumers.

Crane (001, pg7) noted that, "the attempt to positively augment a product into levels is likely to be a complex and time-consuming activity." This statement complements the idea that indeed, a product is a complex concept, and adds the notion that there is an enduring and difficult process that follows when developing a product and the surrounding benefits the product offers. The multi-level product concept is an effective, efficient and widely used concept in the marketing arena. The distinct and prevalent

outlines of each level assist marketers to better distinguish company strengths and weaknesses in certain areas, and also compare additional services and products offered by competing companies that may appear more appealing to consumers. BMW have successfully and strategically used this concept to advance up the luxury car rankings to their current position at number one.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Breen, B. (00) BMW Driven by design. Fast Company. Boston; Issue 6 Start Page 1

Crane, A. (001) Unpacking the ethical product. Journal of Business Ethics. Dordrecht. Vol. 0. Issue. 4. Pg. 61-7

Crawford, M & Di Benedetto, A. (000), New Products Management International edition. Sixth Edition. Mc Ggraw Hill, Sydney.

Guyer, L. (00) BMW Shows Its Resilience, Extends Event Marketing. Advertising Age; Chicago; Volume 7 Issue 1 Start Page 14

King, Stephen. (17), Developing New Brands. Pitman Publishing, Victoria.

Koland, C. (00) BMW Sticks Some Joy Into Driving. Information Week; Manhasset; Issue 880 Start Page 118

Kotler, P., Adam, S., Brown, L. & Armstrong, G. (001), Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Martin, L. (15) BMW The Road to Success. Niche Media. Chicago. pg 11-17

Moseley, B. (000) Focusing on core products with an eye on expansion Magazine Management; Stamford. Volume . Issue . Page 1-1

Please note that this sample paper on The product and its associated concepts is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The product and its associated concepts, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The product and its associated concepts will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Transformational Leadership

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Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision and most importantly they manage to communicate it effectively to all employees. By acting as role models, they inspire employees to put the good of the whole organization above self-interest. These leaders also stimulate the workforce to be more innovative, and they themselves take personal risks and are not afraid to use unconventional (but always ethical) methods in order to achieve the collective vision.

This form of leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership that emphasized corrective action, mutual exchanges and rewards only when performance expectations were met. Transactional leadership relies mainly on centralized control were managers controlled most activities, telling each person what, when and how to do each task Transformational leaders, on the other hand, trust their subordinates and leave them space to breathe and grow. It is a more developmental and constructive form of leadership for both individual employees and the organisation as a whole.

COMPONENTS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Transformational leadership contains four components

1. Charisma or idealized influence

. Inspirational motivation

. Intellectual stimulation

4. Individual consideration

In addition transformational leaders transform or change their followers in three important ways that together lead to those same followers trusting their leader, performing behaviours that contribute to the achievement or organisational goals, and being motivated to perform at high levels and standards

1. Transformational leaders increase subordinates awareness of the importance of their tasks and the importance of performing them well.

. Transformational leaders make subordinates aware of their needs for personal growth, development and accomplishment.

. Transformational leaders motivate their subordinates to work for the good of the organisation rather than exclusively for their own personal gain or benefit.

Transformational leaders can also be considered as charismatic leaders, where they have a vision of how good things could be in an organisation that contrasts with how things currently are. The clearly communicate this vision to their followers and, through their own excitement and enthusiasm, induce their followers to enthusiastically support his vision. They tend to have high levels of self-confidence and self-esteem, which further encourage their followers to respect and admire them.

Such leaders influence their followers by intellectually stimulating them to become aware of problems in their groups and organisation and view their problems from a new perspective, one consistent with the leader's vision. A transformational leader causes followers to view problems differently and feel some degree of responsibility for helping to solve them.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Numerous studies have shown that transformational leadership

• significantly increases organisational performance;

• is positively linked with long term market share and customer satisfaction;

• generates higher commitment to the organisation from their employees;

• increases employee trust in management and organisational citizenship behaviours (i.e., extra-role work-related behaviours such as conscientiousness, altruism and sportsmanship that are discretionary, not related to the formal reward system of the organization);

• enhances employee satisfaction with both their job and the leader; and

• reduces employee stress and increases wellbeing.

When things go wrong in an organisation, blame is most often laid at the leaders door. In addition to being held responsible for the success or failure of whole organisation, leaders are also held responsible for the performance of the individuals and groups within an organisation. Similarly the high sales performance of another group may be attributed to the exceptional leadership provided by the groups manager. The common belief that leaders 'make a difference' and can have a major impact on individuals, groups and whole organisations has promoted organisational behaviour researchers to devote considerable effort to understanding leadership.

Researchers have focused primarily on two leadership issues

1. Why some members of an organisation become leaders while others do not and

. Why some leaders are more effective or successful than others.

In general, research confirms the popular belief that leadership is indeed an important ingredient of individual, group and organisational effectiveness. Good leaders incite individuals, groups and whole organisations to perform at a high level and achieve their goals. Conversely, a lack of effective leadership is often a contributing factor to dull performance.

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Hammurabi Essay

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In ancient times, laws were usually passed along by words, it was never written down. But around 1760 B.C., a man named Hammurabi, King of Babylon, produced what is believed to be the first set of codified laws in Western civilization. They were chiseled on a stone tablet and hung in the center of the city where everyone could see them. In 1750 there was not very much respect for authority and I believe it has improved since then.

I believe over the centuries the respect for authority has drastically changed. I think the reason it has improved since 1750 is because back then they had laws but the laws were for everyone and everything. What I'm trying to say is today we have laws but we have different kinds of laws and authorities, they only had one. We have the provincial government and the municipal government, they have different kinds of responsibilities and we respect them for what each type of government does for us. Also we have different sections of government for us, like substantive law, and procedural law. These are different types of the law which deal with different things. Today we have private and civil law which deals with us, the people of the country, and on the other side we have public law which deals with the relationship of the government and society. What I'm really trying to express is that back in 1750 they did not have different sections of the laws for certain things and people, they had one big law and sometimes the punishments were blown out of context. A good example of this is in one of the excerpts where a witness lies on the stand during a capital trial, and because he lied and it was a capital trial the man will receive the death penalty. Back then they only had one way to decide these punishments, "an eye for an eye", and sometimes this way was unorthodox. The people lost respect for the government and started to overcome with fear. Today we have different kinds of authorities; we also have different kinds of courts such as divorce court, family court, criminal court, etc... I believe because we have all these different kinds the people are happier and respect the government for implementing this kind of system. People even have more respect for smaller levels of authority. Good examples are police officers, a while back they used to be seen as "Pigs" who go to Tim Horton's to eat donuts and drink coffee. But now I can honestly say people respect them a whole lot more and do not make jokes about them and finally realize that the little things they do greatly improve our society.

So yes, I believe the respect for authority has immensely improved since 1750 and will continue to improve as time goes on. And even though there is more respect for authority now, the respect for authority was quite impressive for its time, who would have thought that a civilization over thousands of years old would be capable for producing the worlds very first set of codified laws.

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INEQUALITY EXPRESS

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The Inequality Express

Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. (President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 15).

Between 147 and 170 all income groups in America experienced economic advancement. In fact, lower income families had higher growth in annual income than families of higher income. However, in the early 170s this pattern changed. The higher income families, mostly within the top 0 percent income bracket, continued to increase there income, while families in the bottom 40 percent, experienced declining incomes.

The difference in income between the lower income brackets and the higher income brackets, which continued through the mid-10s, was due to a slowdown in productivity growth. Profits and wages depend largely on how much we produce, within approximately 5 years, productivity decreased and therefore there was less, which made the wages for the lower income brackets to go down.Do my essay on INEQUALITY EXPRESS CHEAP !

In approximately October of 15, productivity began to increase, averaging .6 percent annual growth since then, and reaching an extremely high growth of 6.4 percent annual rate in the last quarter of 1. For the workers that have been unemployed more then 6 months, dropped dramatically from almost two million in 1 to just 67,000 As of September of 000. "The unemployment rate of high-school dropouts declined from almost 1 percent in 1 to less than 7 percent now. The unemployment rate among blacks is 7. percent, the lowest since the Bureau of Labor Statistics began compiling comparable unemployment data by race in 17." (George Akerloff, University California, Berkely, 00.)

1.1 Distribution of Net Worth (by population segments)

Wealth Class 18 18 1 15 18

Top 1% .8 7.4 7. 8.5 8.1

Next 4% . 1.6 .8 1.8 1.

Next 5% 1.1 11.6 11.8 11.5 11.5

Next 10% 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.5

Next 0% 1.6 1. 11.5 11.4 11.

Middle 0% 5. 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.5

Bottom 40% 0. -0.7 0.4 0. 0.

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table . Available on the website of the Jerome Levy Economics Institute at www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1. Change in Average Household Net Worth by Wealth Class

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table . http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1. Household Net Worth by Wealth Class, 18

Wealth Class Average Net Worth Threshold

Top 1% $10,04,00 $,5,100

Next 4% $1,441,000

Next 5% $6,500 $475,600

Next 10% $44,00 $57,700

Fourth 0% $161,00

Middle 0% $61,000

Bottom 40% $1,00 (Negative)

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table and note to Table 5. http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.4 Top 1% Share of Household Wealth

Source Edward Wolff, Top Heavy, 16, New Series Households data, pp. 78-7 (for years 1-8) and Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, April 000, Table (for years 1-8) http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.5 Share of Total Ownership of Stocks, Mutual Funds, and Retirement Accounts, 18

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Table 6. http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.6 The Racial Wealth Gap, 18-8

18 18 1 15 18

Median Net Worth

White $71,500 $84,00 $71,00 $65,00 $81,700

African-American $4,800 $,00 $1,000 $7,00 $10,000

Hispanic $,800 $1,800 $4,00 $5,00 $,000

Median

Financial Wealth

White $1,00 $6,00 $1,00 $1,00 $7,600

African-American $0 $0 $00 $00 $1,00

Hispanic $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Homeownership Rate

White 68.1% 6.% 6.0% 6.4% 71.8%

African-American 44.% 41.7% 48.5% 46.8% 46.%

Hispanic .6% .8% 4.1% 44.4% 44.%

Note Financial Wealth is Net Worth minus the value of owner-occupied housing.

Source Edward N. Wolff, Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-18, April 000. Tables 8 and . http//www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1.7 Richest Individuals and Families in the U.S., 00

Name Net Worth Source

Bill Gates $4 billion Microsoft

Warren Buffett $6 billion Berksire Hathaway

Paul Allen $1 billion Microsoft

Alice Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

Helen Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

Jim Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

John Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

S. Robson Walton $1 billion Inheritance Wal-Mart

Lawrence Ellison $15 billion Oracle Corp.

Steven Ballmer $1 billion Microsoft

Michael Dell $11 billion Dell Computer

John Werner Kluge $10 billion Metromedia

Forrest E. Mars $10 billion Inheritance Mars Candy

Jacqueline Mars $10 billion Inheritance Mars Candy

John Franklyn Mars $10 billion Inheritance Mars Candy

Source Forbes 400 website http//www.forbes.com/00/0/1/rich400land.html Data retrieved Sept. 0, 00.

1.8 Median Wealth in the U.S. in 18 dollars

Source 18 1 15 18

Arthur B. Kennickel

Federal Reserve Board $5,700 $56,500 $60,00 $71,600

Edward N. Wolff

New York University $58,400 $4,00 $48,800 $60,700

Source Analyses of the Survey of Consumer Finances, conducted every three years by the Federal Reserve Board. Kennickel and Wolff apparently interpret net worth differently. Kennickels work is summarized in Recent Changes in Family Finances Results from the 18 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 000, available at http//www.bog.frb.fed.us/pubs/oss/oss/8/scf8home.html. Wolffs numbers are from his article Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 18-8, Table 1, available on the website of the Jerome Levy Economics Institute at www.levy.org/docs/wrkpap/papers/00.html

1. Total Household Net Worth in the U.S. (in trillions of dollars)

185 186 187 188 18 10 11 1 1

14. 15.8 16.8 18.4 0.1 0.6 1. .8 4.0

14 15 16 17 18 1 000 001 00

(Q)

4.7 7.6 0.1 . 7. 4.4 4.0 41.1 40.1

Source Federal Reserve Board, Flow of Funds Accounts, September 16, 00.

1.10 Number of Millionaires in the U.S.

17 18 1 000 001

1,800,000 ,060,000 ,480,000 ,180,000 ,0,000

Sources Merrill Lynch / Gemini Consulting, World Wealth Report 000, Figure , and Merrill Lynch / Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, World Wealth Report 001, Figure 1.

1.11 Number of Millionaires in the World

17 18 1 000 001

5,00,000 5,00,000 7,000,000 6,00,000 7,100,000

Source Merrill Lynch / Gemini Consulting, World Wealth Report 000, Figure , and Merrill Lynch / Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, World Wealth Report 00, Figure 1.

1.1 Number of Billionaires in the U.S.

16 17 18 1 000 001 00

17 0 07 8 66 8

Source Forbes 400 website http//www.forbes.com/00/0/1/rich400land.html

1.1 Number of Billionaires in the World

10 1 16 1 000 001 00

74 4 465 470 58 47

Source Merrill Lynch / Gemini Consulting, World Wealth Report 000, Figure 8, citing Forbes Magazine; Forbes, July 5, 1; Forbes, July , 000,; Forbes, July , 001, and Forbes website http//www.forbes.com/00/0/8/billionaires.html

• In 1, more than half of all estate taxes were paid by the wealthiest one of every 700 people who died. (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities analysis of IRS data http//www.cbpp.org/6--0tax.htm)

• Since the mid-170s, the most fortunate one percent of households have doubled their share of the national wealth. They now hold more wealth than the bottom 0 percent of the population. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolf, Top Heavy)

• In 001, 16. percent of American children lived in poverty, a lower rate than 1 (.7 percent), but higher than the 17 rate of 14.4 percent. (U.S Census Bureau Current Population Survey http//www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov.html/)

• Nearly one quarter of all workers more than 8 million in all -- earn less than $8.78 an hour, the amount needed to lift a family of four above the poverty line with full-time work (about $18,00 a year). (Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 55)

• In 18, the top 1 percent of Americans owned 47.7 percent of all stock, while the bottom 80 percent owned 4.1 percent. Between 18 and 18, nearly 5 percent of all stock market gains went to the top 1 percent of shareholders. 64 percent of American households have stock holdings worth $5,000 or less, or own no stock at all. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, pp. 86-8)

• Between 15 and 18, the total wealth of the typical American household rose from $58,800 to $61,000. The average value of stock holdings rose $5,500, the value of non-stock assets (mostly homes) climbed $8,500, and household debt increased $11,800. (Economic Policy Institute)

• Middle-class families enjoyed .8 percent of the stock market gains between 18 and 18, but accounted for 8.8 percent of the increase in household debt. (Economic Policy Institute)

• In 000, 6.4 percent of private sector workers had employer-provided healthcare, down from 70. percent in 17. 4.6 percent of private sector workers have employer-provided pension plans. (Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, pp. 14-14)

• 60 percent of U.S. workers say that if they were laid off, their savings are sufficient to maintain their current standard of living for a few months or less. Only percent said they are able to save for the future. 40 percent say they earn enough to be comfortable, but not to save, while 7 percent said they earn only enough to get by, and percent said they are unable to pay their bills. (Fleet Bank, contact Rena DeSisto, 1-70-161)

• 64 percent of U.S. workers say they would rather have more time than more money. Even in households earning less than $5,000, 4 percent said they would still prefer time over money. (Fleet Bank)

• Fewer than 50,000 estates -- percent of the total -- paid federal estate taxes in 1. (Internal Revenue Service)

• A study by Treasury Department economist David Joulfaian found that eliminating the estate tax would reduce charitable bequests by about 1 percent. (United For a Fair Economy, citing Center on Budget and Policy Priorities analysis of IRS data http//www.cbpp.org/6--0tax.htm)

• While the top tax rate is 55 percent, on average, estate taxes represent 1 percent of the gross value of the estate. (United For a Fair Economy, citing 1 Internal Revenue Service data.)

• Among the industrialized nations, the U.S. has the highest concentration of individual wealth--roughly times that of the No. nation, Germany. (UN Human Development Report, 18)

• As of 18, the richest five percent of U.S. households held more than 5 percent of the nations private wealth. The top 1 percent of households held 8 percent of the wealth. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 81)

• Between 18 and 18, households in the bottom 0 percent of the population saw their net worth's decline from -$,00 to -$8,00 in 18 dollars. Meanwhile, the net worth of the middle fifth of the population rose .7 percent, and the net worth of the top 1 percent rose 0%. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 81)

• In 18, the typical black household held only 1 percent of the wealth of the typical white household. With housing excluded, that figure would be percent. More than 7 percent of black households (and nearly15 percent of white households) have no net worth. (NYU Economist Edward N. Wolff, cited by Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, p. 84)

• Most Americans in the highest-earning one percent of the population (median annual income $0,000) dont consider themselves rich. (Worth-Roper Starch Survey)

• As of 18, 48 percent of American households owned stock either directly or through a mutual fund or some sort of retirement plan. Over 86 percent of the value of all stocks and mutual funds, the top 10 percent of the households held including pensions. (Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America 00-0, pp. 86-87)

The attacks of September 11th, 001, revealed some truths about the American economy that that has been hidden for many years. One is how much of our economy is made up of the working class. Which make up about 70% of the work force. Over the years the media saw economic trends through the eyes of rich business executives, to the point where it seemed that they represented the working class of America. And according to Jeff Faux, (newsweek, 001) "No one could hardly find a more fitting symbol of the new global economy than the World Trade Center -- surrounded in the evening with a herd of sleek limousines waiting to serve the masters of the universe at the end of the day."

And yet, it turns out, that the building was run by thousands of data clerks and secretaries, waiters and dishwashers, janitors and telephone repairmen. Thousands still mourn everyday for the men and women who were lost that day firefighters, hotel and restaurant employees, police, communication workers, service employees, teachers, federal employees, pilots and flight attendants, engineers, electrical workers, federal employees, building trades, and state, county, and municipal employees. And many were in no union, meaning job insecurity, no benefits, and certainly no limousines.

For two decades, politicians of both parties have celebrated the pursuit of private gain over public service. "Shrinking government has become a preoccupation of political leaders through deregulation, privatization, and cuts in public services." (J.Faux,001) One result is that the U.S. is the only major nation that leaves airline and airport security in the hands of private corporations, which are motivated to spend as little as possible. Training has been inadequate and supervision has fallen through the cracks. "Turnover was 16 percent a year and the average employee stayed in airline security for only six months"(J.Faux, 001). In an anti-government political climate the airline corporations were able to shrug off the government inspections that consistently revealed how easy it was to bring weapons on board.

"Private provision of public services has been the dominant philosophy of government in our time. Only natural, the economists told us. People were motivated by money. Its human nature. Greed is good, said the movie character in the send-up of Wall Street -- a sentiment echoed by politicians of both parties. Collective solutions are a thing of the past. The era of big government is over. You are on your own. Public service was old economy, just for losers. A teacher in New York City schools starts at $0,000. A brand new securities lawyer starts at $10,000. Does anyone believe that this represents sensible priorities? And does anyone believe that the firefighters who marched into that inferno did it for money? Does anyone think that people working for a private company hiring people for as little as possible would have had the same motivation -- would have been as efficient? At the moment when efficiency really counts? " (J.Faux, 001)

"When all else fails, where do we turn? To the governments firefighters, police officers, rescue teams. To the nonprofit sectors blood banks and shelters. And to Big Governments army, navy, and air force. During his campaign, the president of the United States constantly complained that the people knew how to spend their money better than the government did. Overnight, we just appropriated $40 billion for the government to spend however it sees fit. Who else would we trust? The stock market itself made one point. Despite calls for investors to exercise patriotic restraint, the market opened with an avalanche of sell orders, driving the Dow to its largest point loss in history. As one broker said, This is how capitalism is supposed to work. Just so. The market is about prices, not values." (J.Faux, 001)

Finally, perhaps we learned something about our national identity. For many, Americas exceptionalism means that it is the best place to get rich. For others, it is our unique set of laws -- our Bill of Rights. Still others see America not in national terms at all, but as a group of ethnic groups.

In Conclusion, Those who risked and gave their lives on September 11th, 001, show what this country is built upon, both the public servants and the brave civilian passengers who rushed the terrorists and forced the airliner down in Pennsylvania before it could get to Washington, are unlikely to have acted out of reverence for the stock market or for our court system or for some ethnic or religious loyalty.

It is obvious that we can no longer rely on our exceptionalism to keep us safe. In the years to come, we are likely to be reminded of that. To get through this, we need to get rid of the thought that we are all on our own. Americas strength, like the strength of any other society, is in our ability to be there for each other.

Works Cited

Post, James E., Lawrence, Anne T., Weber, James. Contemporary Business Issues (1) 87-.

Abelda, Randy, Robert W. Drago, and Steven Shulman. Unlevel Playing Fields Understanding Wage Inequality and Discrimination. Economic Affairs Bureau, Inc., 001

Ackerman, Bruce with Anne Alstott. The Stakeholder Society. Yale University Press, 1.

Anderson, Sarah, John Cavanagh with Thea Lee and the Institute for Policy Studies. Field Guide to the Global Economy. New Press, 000.

Freeman, Richard with Lawrence Katz. Rising Wage Inequality The United States vs. Other Advanced Countries. In the anthology Working Under Different Rules. Russell Sage Foundation, 14.

Karoly Lynn A. Anatomy of the U.S. income distribution Two decades of change. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 16; 177-6.

Wolff, Edward. Recent Trends in the Size Distribution of Household Wealth. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Summer 18.

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Explain by example

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Self-centered

I believe that many people throughout history and today care more about themselves than anything else. To them the only things that matter are those that directly affect their lives. They do not care about other's feelings, and how their actions may affect others around them. Thomas Hardy also demonstrates this idea in Tess of the D'urbervilles. In this book a character named Alec D'urberville went through his life only thinking of himself. Alec D'urberville was by far a self-centered man.

Custom Essays on explain by example

First of all, he seems to always need to have his way with everything that he feels concerns him. He believes that since he is from a family of power that no one should stand up to him. If anyone dared to refuse him, he fought until he was given his way.

When Alec first picked Tess up from her house in Marlott he insisted that she ride behind him on his horse. Tess found this improper and proceeded to walk to the manner. After much nagging by Alec, Tess finally agreed to accompany him on his horse. While on the way to the manner, Alec then ordered Tess to let him kiss her. Tess protested this idea, but after growing tired finally gave into his order. He then planted a warm kiss on her cheek.

Another example of this is while Alec and Tess were in the garden of the manor having a picnic. When it came time for desert, Alec pulled out a bundle or strawberries and tried to feed the to Tess. Tess found this repulsive and backed away from him. Alec knowing that he had authority over Tess forced her to eat them out of his hand. She obeyed his order and the ordeal ended.

A third example was when Tess had gone down to a party in the next town over. Alec had surprised her by showing up at the party. Upon leaving, Alec made Tess let him take her home. She refused his offer and said she would walk the ten miles back to the manor. Alec in response, threatened to send her away from the manner. The thought of this frightened her, and she agreed to ride with him. After a little while of riding Alec knowingly got off track and rode into the woods. He then forced Tess to stay with him overnight.

My second reason for calling Alec self-centered is that he often used harsh words and actions towards those who opposed him. He was easily angered when people had other views than his own. Alec often responded in a negative way to the situations.

After the first time Alec met Tess he called her "a crumby girl" because she had refused to have dinner with him that night. This comment came from Alec not getting what he wanted at the time, for in reality he thought she was beautiful.

Secondly, while they were on their way to the manor, Tess had backed away when Alec had tried to kiss her. Alec felt betrayed by her, and in response he jerked back the reigns causing the horse to buck. After blaming Tess for the horse's actions, he then proceeded to say, "So you can go from your word like that, you witch?"

A final example happened while on their way home from the party. Tess had accidentally dropped her hat causing Alec to have to stop and let her off the horse. When she refused to get back on the horse right away he cursed and swore at her. He called her everything he could think of at the time.

My third reason for believing Alec was self-centered is that he was constantly trying to get Tess to fall in love with him. He thought nothing about her feelings and of how she felt about him. Alec felt that if he had her nothing else would matter.

As Tess was leaving the manor for good, Alec told her that she would have been lucky to marry him, or a man like him. He told Tess that all of the previous women have so far regretted leaving him. Alec was attempting to make her re-think her decision of leaving him and the manor. Alec knew that if she left he would never have a chance with her again.

When Tess finally came to him a second time after many years had passed Alec thought this was it. He already had a marriage agreement drawn up to make everything official. Tess, seeing his intentions, was scared off. She eventually decided the only way to end this ongoing problem was to murder Alec, which she ended up doing.

Finally, while Tess was living at the D'urberville manor Alec chose to take advantage of Tess. During her stay there, Alec rapper her causing her to become pregnant with his child. Alec was secretly hoping that this baby would secure their futures together. Tess, in response to her pregnancy, moved back to her home in Marlott. This move caused the opposite effect that Alec had been hoping for.

In conclusion I truly feel that Alec D'urberville was a self-centered man. He was responsible for many hardships and heartaches in Tess's life. His consistent drive to always have to get his way caused Tess to distrust men for the rest of her life. She vowed from then on that she would die unmarried. In the end it was his unwillingness to listen to others that ended up costing him his life.

Please note that this sample paper on explain by example is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on explain by example, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on explain by example will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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There should be no uniform at school

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Robes loosely flowing, hair as free

Such sweet neglect more takes me

Than all the adulteries of art

They strike mine eyes, but not my heartCustom Essays on There should be no uniform at school

Respected teachers and my dear fellow students!

Today the topic that has been given to me is that there should be no uniform in school. I would like to speak in its favor.

Imagine for a moment that there are two gardens. In one garden only one color and one kind of flowers are growing, while in the other different kinds of multicolored flowers are growing. Which will attract and fascinate your eyes? Certainly the second one in which versatile and multicolored flowers are displayed. Same is the case of uniform in schools.

I don't think that uniform has got anything to do with the quality and standard of education. Many great scholars, artists, scientists, philosophers and mathematicians have been born in the past. Uniforms played no role in their achievements.

Uniformity always creates boredom as Cooper said

Variety is the very spice of life

That gives it all its flavor

We can't eat one kind of food everyday. History is witness that the followers of Moses refused to take the monotonous type of food called 'Mann-O-Salva' although it was delivered directly from the Heavens. In the same way we become sick of wearing the same poor uniform every morning for almost as many as twelve years.

Dear audience!

It is quite unnatural that all the students are wearing the dress of one color and one kind, without caring whether they like that dress or not. We start hating the color that we are compelled to wear for such a long time. If the students are allowed to go to school dressed according to their own choice, certainly it would have a positive impact on their education. They would go to school more willingly and more excitedly while wearing their colorful dresses.

I also think that uniform is a great cause of absence from the school. Sometimes we don't find our uniforms ready. Sometimes we can't wash or press it because of power breaks. As a result we are forced to be absent from the school which is a great loss of our studies.

Respected President, it is said that dress is reflection of personality. So if the students are allowed to dress according to their choice, the teachers can easily know their aptitudes and categorize them into various groups. Uniforms are also very expensive and many parents would feel relieved if they don't have to afford uniforms along with school books, exercise books, stationery and school fees. I feel that uniform is the most unnecessary item in this list.

In the end I request to the principal that if my reasons are logical and impressive, then we may be allowed to come to school in our stylish and colorful dresses on next Monday.

Thank you.

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The shipping industry of korea

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Shipping Industry of Korea

Introduction

Koreas shipbuilding technology has greatly developed over time. Back to the ancient time, the three kingdoms (Kokuryo, Paekche and Shilla) competitively extended their influence to sea trade routes in A.D. 7. By the mid th Century, they installed a trade centre in china.

In 1011, spear ships that prevented enemy ships from approaching were in use and warships equipped with gunpowder and firearms appeared by the year 1150.

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In 15, Admiral Yi Sun Shin built up his own navy and directed the construction of a fleet of modern warships including turtle ships to prevent Japanese further invasion. The turtle ship, so named due to its shape, was ringed with state-of-the-art military technologies at that time.

400 years later, today, Korea is identified as a priority market for the Marine Equipment Industry.

Many countries place great strategic importance on their national shipping industry because it plays a vital role in their economies. Maritime transport is essential to expanding world trade, as nearly 80% of the world trade in goods is seaborne. Korea is not an exception to this considering Korea is geographically surrounded by the sea on three sides.

160's

Foreign trade has been a crucial element in Koreas national development strategy. Until the 160s, however, the industry was small, rather unsophisticated, and catered mainly to the domestic market by building coastal fishing vessels and small cargo ships.

Since 16, Korean shipping policy has been aimed at expanding the national fleet. This was to support the export-oriented economic development by means of efficient shipping and the improvement of the business climate.

170's

The development of shipbuilding was followed further in the 170s by a government-sponsored economic program. The program was aimed to restructure Koreas dated industry into a modern, technologically advanced one, able to compete worldwide. Special emphasis was placed on Heavy Industry and Chemical Industry. In this context, the shipbuilding industry was perceived as a leading export industry, due to its comparatively large-scale trade volumes (in terms of value). There was also abundant, high-quality labor available in Korea. These factors allowed the Korean shipbuilding industry to compete on equal terms with the existing shipbuilding centers. Being surrounded by the sea on three sides and having few natural resources has meant that Korea has had to rely on exports.

The shipyard construction of the 170s reflects this growth - in 17 Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. completed construction of a shipyard. In 178 Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd. completed a No. 1 dock, and in 17, Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. constructed its own No. 1 dock.

180's

In the 180s the situation had progressed sufficiently for Korea to be ranked number two in the world shipbuilding industry in terms of market-share. Productivity improvement, technology development, and the growth of related industries, helped increase shipbuilding volume continuously without having to add new facilities. And in the second half of the 180s, their world market share rose from 10 percent to 5 percent.

10's

In the 10s, Korean shipbuilders made every effort to accumulate the advanced technology required for the construction of high value added vessels. In the late 10s, Korean shipbuilders achieved great productivity improvement both in terms of yearly production volume per employee and yearly number of turnover of dry docks.

Shipbuilding Today

The Korean shipping industry is growing at an impressive rate. Starting out with a mere 100,000 G/T of fleet tonnage in 160, Korea was ranked eighth in the world in terms of total merchant fleet tonnage in 000. In the container sector, Korea stood fourth after Japan, Taiwan, and the United States.

According to the data released by KOSHIPA, new orders placed by Korean shipbuilders in 00 amounted to 7.6 million CGT. This is an increase of 18.5 % compared with 6.4 million CGT in the previous year.

With the productivity improvement and the upgrading of production technology along with sufficient workload, Korean shipbuilders built a record high of 6.8 million CGT in 00, up 5.% in tonnage terms over the previous year. In the interim, the order books as of the end of 00 recorded 17.1 million CGT, up 5.% compared to a year earlier. This is approximately a two and half year workload.

Shipbuilding Technology

Before entering into the world shipbuilding market in the early 170s, Korean shipbuilders had mostly built conventional cargo ships, such as crude oil tankers and dry bulk carriers. Since the early 180s when Korea emerged as one of the leading nations in shipbuilding, it has developed technologies to build container ships, " roll on �roll off " ships, oil drilling rigs, etc.

Computer-based ship design and production was introduced to the Korean shipbuilding industry in the 170s. As early as the 180s Korean shipbuilders had introduced commercial CAD system for ship design. Since then Korean shipbuilders have made significant advances in the enhancement of various kinds of CAD/CAM systems and have developed in-house software not only for ship design but also for production. In parallel to that, particular advances have also been achieved in non-CAD area supporting and utilizing CAD/CAM system respectively for engineering analysis and material control to increase productivity and quality.

Additional research is being carried out jointly with classification societies focusing on the safety issues raised in building new generation of ship types. Korean shipbuilders, with their abundant and highly trained naval architects and engineers, can meet various ship owner design requirements.

Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Merchant Fleet compared to the world

Table-1 shows the growth of the total capacity of the Korean fleet between 171 and 000. The capacity of the fleet measured in gross registered tons grew at an annual rate of 6.4 percent during this period. During the same period, the world merchant fleet, as shown in Table-, grew at an annual rate of only .8 percent. The rapid growth rate of the Korean fleet allowed it to expand its share of total world tonnage from 0.8 percent in 171 to 1.06 percent in 000.

Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Fleet by type

Table- presents data on changes in the composition of the Korean ocean-going fleet between 10 and 000. During the period, container ships and liquid bulkers expanded considerably. This expansion can partially be attributed to the recent tendency to increase the size of these ships. Considering that the total Korean fleet grew more rapidly than the world fleet has, this expansion is an indication that the development of a container and a liquid bulk fleet in Korea lagged behind the relative growth of the dry bulk sector of its merchant marine.

Growth of Seaborne Trade

Table-4 presents the data on changes in seaborne trade during the period between 170 to 000. Between 170 and 000 the growth of world seaborne trade increased by .6 percent per annum, while Korean trade increased annually by 11.1 percent. However, the growth of Korean seaborne trade seems to show the same pattern as the world trade. As the Table shows, the annual growth rate in the 180s declined to . percent for Korea and 1.0 percent for the world; and in the 170s from 15.4 percent for Korea and .8 percent for the world. The annual average growth rate again rose to 8.8 percent in Korean trade and .1 percent in world trade in 10s. With regard to seaborne trade, it is important to note that the growth of Korean participation in cross-trades outpaced the growth of Korean seaborne trade. As shown in Table-5, the total tonnage carried by the Korean operators in cross trades increased from only 5.4 million tons in 170 to 181.6 million tons in 000.

Korean Operators in 000 by ship's capacity

In the year 000 there were 61 separate ocean-going operators in Korea. However, as Table-6 shows, the four largest operators alone accounted for 7. percent of the total capacity. Thus, the Korean shipping industry appears to have a dualistic structure, with half of its capacity in the hands of a few large carriers and the other half split amongst a multitude of small carriers. At one extreme there are Hanjin Shipping and Hyundai Merchant Marine, which accounted for 51.4 percent of total tonnage in 000. At the other extreme there are 51 small operators, each possessing less than 100,000 gross tons of shipping capacity, which in 000 accounted for only 8.0 percent of the total capacity.

Korean shipping companies earned $11. billion in freight revenue in 000, up from $.5 billion in 10, an average annual growth rate of 1.5 percent, thanks to the escalation of freight rates and increased seaborne cargo. Revenue from cross-trade increased to $6.0 billion in 000 from $1.4 billion in 10, making up 58. percent of the industrys total revenue. This growth is attributable to companies strengthening business activities through strategic overseas alliances and diversifying into the worldwide service and the pendulum service. In particular, revenue from container cargo increased steadily among the export-import goods; iron ore and grain cargo gradually increased as well.

Freight Revenue Trends by Cargo

Reflecting this bright situation in freight revenue, the overall financial position of the Korean shipping industry improved steadily from 1 to 15. The industry was continuously in the black from 188 to 15. In 17, however, the industry experienced a slump in net profits due to a plunge in fare prices and the economic turmoil in Asia.

The Korean Shipping industry has considerable know-how in all aspects of maritime transport services, such as management techniques, cargo collection, and customer service. And taking into consideration that it has a good merchant fleet, marine manpower, advanced shipbuilding techniques and its position at the hub of northeast Asia, the growth potential of Korean maritime industry seems large. Thus, after enduring tough periods arising from the worldwide excess of shipping tonnage and world economic/financial turmoil, the Korean Shipping industry is now expected to continue to grow, building upon its recovery which began in 1, as the world shipping industry recovers and cargo volumes rise. Thus, it is forecasted that Korea's export and import cargo volume will rise to 8. millions tons in 010 from 56. million tons in 001, and Korean commercial vessel tonnage will grow to 1.5 million GRT.

National Deregulation Policies

Starting in 10, the Korean government has steadily introduced liberalization and deregulation policies in the shipping industry, guaranteeing liberalization in the private sector and opening the domestic market to foreign carriers for the purpose of corresponding with the trends of globalization.

As a result of these efforts, Korean shipping industry is now largely liberalized due to the elimination of almost all trade barriers in maritime transport services. Accordingly, the Korean government understands it can no longer foster the growth of the shipping industry through protective policies. Liberalization measures have included the following

• Foreign carriers were allowed to establish branches in Korea (January 18).

• Foreigners were allowed to invest in shipping auxiliary services, including maritime agency service and maritime freight forwarding service (June 1).

• In the case of the cargo reservation system for non-liner shipping, the number of items on the designated cargo list has been gradually reduced from the original 11 to (items were already removed from the designated cargo list government procurement goods, refrigerated goods, cement, steel products, raw material for fertilizer, grain, coal and petrochemicals).

• The Waver System in liner shipping has been eliminated, allowing free access to the Korean market by foreign carriers (January 15).

• The licensing system of ocean-going shipping was transformed into the filing system, maintaining the policy of gradual liberalization the shipping industry (in 16)

• The Designated Cargo System was abolished entirely (in 1).

Korean Shipbuilders Advantages

Korean shipbuilders have the worlds most efficient steel producer (POSCO), which can provide cheaper and better quality of steel products than any other steel producer. Korean shipyards are based in the same area as POSCO, which is a vital condition for efficient operations. Tougher and stricter environmental rules could also be beneficial as world shipping and oil majors need to replace their single-hulled tankers with double-hulled ships. In addition, new environmental measures will increase demand for more clean energy such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), which in turn will raise demand for LNG tankers. Steady growth of world trade will increase the need for larger container ships, where Korean shipbuilders are strong and competitive.

Major Shipbuilders in Korea

1) Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd

Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd is the worlds largest shipyard

HHI is very active in the military business and was selected as the main contractor in Koreas submarine project (KDX-II) in 001.

In addition, HHI have become the first shipyard in Korea to build both moss-type and membrane �type LNG carriers. The membrane-type LNG carrier is the world's largest LNG carrier of this type, made up of four independent tanks insulated with polyurethane panels.

) Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co. Ltd. (DSME)

DSME has successfully completed its restructuring scheme and graduated from the workout program in August 001

) Samsung Heavy Industries

4) Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.

Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Hanjin Business Group and a sister company of Korean Air

5) STX Shipbuilding Co., Ltd

STX Shipbuilding Co., Ltd (formerly Daedong Shipbuilding)

6) Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd.

Hyundai Mipo Dockyards has built 70 petrochemical product carriers since their establishment and has become the unrivalled shipbuilder in this field in the world market.

Competitions

Chinese shipbuilders, who have been taking rapid strides on the global market, are emerging as rivals for the world's leading shipyards in Korea and Japan. Chinese dockyards received record orders during the first five months of this year, including oil tankers, and container and bulk carriers.

According to British shipping industry research firm Lloyds, China grabbed 1.6 percent of the global shipbuilding market last year, up from 11. percent in 001, 5.6 percent in 000 and .5 percent in 18.

At this stage, Korean and Japanese shipyards are ahead of their Chinese counterparts in technology and production capacity. But domestic shipbuilders are afraid that China will chip away at their market share in the future.

China is estimated to be seven to eight years behind Korea in shipbuilding technology for LNG carriers and an average five years for other ship types.

Out of fear over China's rapid emergence as a global shipbuilding powerhouse, Korea's big three shipbuilders _ Hyundai Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering and Samsung Heavy Industries _ have been reluctant to form partnerships with Chinese shipyards for technology transfer

Conclusion

In the 1st century, Korean shipbuilders are seeking to transform quantitative into a qualitative growth, and are focusing on producing high value-added ships, which offer greater profitability. To fulfill their responsibilities as a leading shipbuilding country, Korean shipbuilders will also do their best to develop new technology for qualified ships and deliver environmental-friendly ships. For the prevention of global warming, a new ship type and FSO for carrying or storing liquefied carbon dioxide (LCD) are expected to be required, of which sector world shipbuilders should take full attention.

Table-1 Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Merchant Fleet

Year No. of Ships Tonnage % Change

171 7 40 -

180 1,46 4,44 18.5

10 ,114 7,86 6.1

000 ,417 5,75 -.1

Unit thousand gross tons

Source Lloyds World Fleet Statistics, 000

1) Percent change annual average increase rate

) Annual average increase rate during 171-000 6.4%

Table- Growth of the World Merchant Fleet

Year No. of Ships Tonnage % Change

171 55,041 47 -

180 7,8 40 6.1

10 78,01 46 0.1

000 86,817 54 .7

Unit million gross tons

Source Lloyds World Fleet Statistics, 000

1) Percent change annual average increase rate

) Annual average increase rate during 171-000 .8%

Table- Growth of the Korean Ocean-going Fleet by Type

Type 10 10 000 000 %

Tonnage share Tonnage share change

General Cargo Carrier 161 1.8 8 . .4

Log Carrier 14 1.6 4 .5 11.5

Dry Bulker 6,15 68.7 5,571 46.0 11.5

Container 1,408 15.6 ,5 1.5 6.

Liquid Bulker 8 10. 1,0 10.7 .6

Others 18 1.5 1,84 15.0 .5

Total ,05 100.0 1,104 100.0 .

Unit thousand gross ton, %

Source Korea Shipowners Association

Table-4 Growth of Seaborne Trade

Unit million tons, %

Year Korean World

volume percent volume percent

170 .4 - ,48 -

180 4.0 15.4 ,606 .8

10 6.7 . ,77 1.0

000 58.6 8.8 5,74 .1

170-000 11.1 .6

Source Korea Shipowners Association, Fearnleys

Table-5 Growth of Korean Participation in Cross-Trades

unit million tons, %

Year Volume Percent Change

170 5.4 -

180 11.4 7.8

10 1.6 10.7

000 181.6 1.1

170-000 1.4

Source Korea Shipowners Association

Table-6 Korean Operators in 000 by Ships Capacity

Capacity Number of Total Capacity % of Total

1,000s of G/T operators 1,000s of G/T Fleet Capacity

over ,000 6,17 51.4

1,500-,000 - - -

1,000-1,500 ,60 1.5

500-1,000 1,518 1.5

100-500 4 804 6.6

less than 100 51 6 8.0

Total 61 1,104 100.0

Source Ministry of Maritime Affairs of Fisheries

Please note that this sample paper on the shipping industry of korea is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the shipping industry of korea, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on the shipping industry of korea will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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