Those Were the Days

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PE17 Fellows,

On a special occasion like this, I urge you all to lie on your back for a sec, free your minds, and think back to the first day you step in here. Your memories are definitely varied, your expectations might be totally diverse, but I firmly believe there are two things in mind we have in common. One is the impression on people and place; and another is the impression on the steady, freshly-permed look on "Mr. K" hair. Isn't it nice to know that in this ever-changing world there is still one thing you can rely on? Well, I will get back to that later.

First thing first. I tried to think hard of all the academic places I have seen, and just could not imagine any single one similar to ours. Nowhere else I known would offer such a luxurious dinner in the five star hotels, absolutely free of charge, to the notoriously "eat-till-you-drop" students on a monthly basis. I tried to dig deeper and the numbers of remembrances just keep coming up. Could you think of any Economy course constructed by such a professor who is heavenly kind enough to let you have an all-day final test and still be able to call it off to the night? Or even the time after done something terribly disrespectful in Well Test class (you know, that time) and still we have a second chance to redeem ourselves? Not to mention the soda we got bought in every session of Advance Topic course, despite knowing that we would surely pass out after a grand dim-sum lunch buffet (shame on us). Yes, we have those times here in our second home.

The biggest pride of ours must not be far off from that we were the last in the breed to learn Nat Gas with Ajarn Kung. Though not realizing it at the time, but it did expand our horizon and safe our butt in the real world. As well, one of the strongest memories must be on that burgundy-red sleeping sack we are all acquainted with. I suppose there is nobody here to argue it really did serve its function. I recall one time The Giant (Mr. First) was in the middle of his afternoon nap right in the corner of the room, and that was exactly the moment Ajarn Yingyos just walked in. For an indefinite breathless moment of us - he just laughed, and let us out of the hook. If I may say, we were indeed embraced by all the teachers and personnel here.

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As three years went on, we did share the time, unavoidably, on the pace of study. I have tried, thus far, to portray the entire cast and crew characteristics, and yet a long way to go. We got an Arabian Girl, who by the way is dazzling pretty that guys standing in line just to talk to her. Vise versa, we have the sassy boy who just could not tie down with one girl (or that is just the cover? Only God knows he is straight or not). We got the three stooges who were playing the computer games all night long and ironically only one could not attend the class in the morning (yes, the Egyptian SLB labor). It is devastating to say that one of them have already been a Vietnamese roustabout, a serious contradiction to his behavior given that he could not find the place to take a good bath over there. The last guy has finally found his ultimate love in PTTEP (don't look around Joe, I mean you, the secretary-loving stereotype). We also got a loud girl who tends to complain a lot, but she surely gets the job done. We all owe her a thank you for a number of times. More on that, we surely need "The Pole" who can be all in one a photographer, webmaster, and guitarist to sort things out for us. We have the bloody genius that might be the only one that has a smooth relationship with his girl (since nobody else got one). And me, who can be a pain in the butt sometime, hope I got your excuses. Let's see, are those all we have? Did I leave out someone? Just take a glance at the first paragraph again and you will find out. Yeah, he is beloved - just when you need someone to throw the trash on. You are in our great help for a stress relief. No hard feeling?

I have to confess, I am not good at doing these touchy things at all. This article does not mean to get you sobbing or longing for the past when the dreams were young and the future awaits. Instead, the sake of it is rather more to remind us how immeasurable the value we gain here and how can we pay them back, just to make our community the better, the stronger, and maybe the greatest among all. So where can we get started? Well, one thing I always wish for is a nice, cozy couch for the students to lie on after lunch and hide away from the class…

Just an opinion, after all.

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Twelve Angry Men

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"After reading Twelve Angry Men we feel confident in the American legal system." Do you agree with this statement? In your response discuss how the playwright positions us to think about the jury system.

Reginald Rose's cynical examination of the legal system in Twelve Angry Men by no means leaves the audience with any feelings of confidence in its procedures. Regardless of whether each member of the educated audience (such as befits the medium) has his/her's own opinions of the judicial system of democratic countries, the playwright moulds a seemingly uncomplicated situation through the dramatic elements of dialogue and language, set and character to entice a response shattering any preconceived faith in the judgement of right and wrong.

Rose's use of setting serves a dual purpose of practicality and symbolism in developing his theme of the ambiguity inherent in America's legal system. The static environment of a jury room simplifies the presentation of the material but most importantly limits the focus of the play to the characters and their relationship to the assumptions we have in achieving justice. Not only are assumptions questioned but also our values. The "drab, bare room" with few comforts (only old props), to the jurors even during hot days reveals how little value is placed in the role and power of the juror. This in itself decreases the value of the legal system. The power of the system, symbolises by the jury room, is subject to human value.

All the power of the judicial system culminates in the hands of twelve ordinary people, who we can only trust to be fair and serious. It is through the dialogue and language that the composer attempts to evoke a negative response. The fast paced conversational language of the jurors, interspersed with light banter, highlights naivetof the jurors. Rose then emphasises the precariousness of the judicial system, which although frequently enacted in a democracy does come with its problems.Do my essay on Twelve Angry Men CHEAP !

Seemingly, the most significant of these problems is the attitude and prejudices of the jurors, effectively explored in the characters of the jury. The 8th juror's insistent, "I'm just saying that it's possible", contributes to his representation of rationality and arrogant approach to judging the boy, unlike the rd juror who cannot ignore his prejudices that "people of his type" are capable of and will kill uncontrollably. Rose's crafty construction of the evidence plays a game on the audience, who being the middle class can probably understand both the rd and the 8th jurors' perspectives. This puts the audience in the position of the jury, a position of indecision. Should we still then be so confident in justice?

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High shool vs. college

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High School versus college

There are many differences between college and high school. I experienced many of these differences my self. For example in high school, you need permission to go somewhere as far as college you decide where you want to go and when you want to go. Also, High School is mandatory and free, College is voluntary and expensive. I remember when my class was taking a trip to Disney world. I left school with my permission slip in hand and I was on my way home to get it signed. To my surprise, my mother was no where to be found. Then I said to myself, maybe she will be back in a couple of hours. The next morning I woke up and it was time for school, but to find out that my mother was not home yet. She was working a double shift at the hospital, so I missed an opportunity to go to Disney world. Now that I am in college, I don't have that problem, reason being that in college, everybody is considered an adult and you make your own decisions. Instead of your parents deciding whether you can participate in something, you must decide whether to participate in co-curricular activities.

In high school, you are mandatory to go to school and it's very much free. But since it's free, you have to make it to class on time, worry about attendance, check in with your home room teacher. You need to be there everyday. As far as college, you don't have to check in, you show up when you want to and there is no homeroom teacher to check in with. But if you don't go, it's like you throwing away a lot of money. Although the restrictions that you had in high school are not there in college, in college you are paying for your education. So you are still obligated to be there. Unless you just have all this money to waste.

Taking class trips always seemed to put me on a mission to find my parents to sign a permission slip. If they did not sign the slip, you could not go on the field trip. Although my parents let me go any way, I still hated the fact that I had to have them sign it all the time. My first year in college, when we went on trips, I never had to get anything singed. We simply just got on the bus and left. In college, it's up to you as to where you wanna go, and when.Buy custom High shool vs. college term paper

Personally I prefer college over high school more. Because, you get more freedom to do what you wanna do. You can go to school whenever you want to. If you go to school away from your home, there are no parents and you can leave class whenever you want. In high school, the only thing it did for me, was provide me with some memories and I would never want to go back to those days. Simply because I prefer college over high school.

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The Effects of Sin

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According to Webster's NewWorld Dictionary, sin is defined as an action that is or is felt to be highly reprehensible. In layman's terms, it is saying that the average person would agree that it is only human nature to sin. Except often times the more important part of sin is the effect rather than the sin itself. Although Hester's sin was bad it was nothing compared to the evil doings of Roger Chillingworth. This also applies to Arthur Dimmesdale because he committed the sin with Hester and didn't take any punishment but by not telling the truth it slowly killed him. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter revolves around the single theme of the effects of unforgivable, adulterous sin, which affects Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth to their very cores.

Hester's sin forces her to become a social outcast and forces her to live on the outskirts of Boston. The guilt of the sin affects Hester's everyday life by changing the way she lives, where she lives, and how to raise her new daughter, Pearl. Hester decides that the Puritan way of living is not the correct way to raise a child, because she realizes that, that system is flawed. Hester chooses to embrace her sin instead of running from it and hiding back in her homeland. She decides to face it head on without letting the people of Boston bring her down, by this it makes her stronger everyday. Hester challenges the original idea of the scarlet letter A in the Puritan society and showed that it didn't mean "adulteress" but by the end of the story meant "able". She challenges the

Puritan ways, by challenging them to change their practices to ones that were more liberal.

Dimmesdale is one of the most intriguing characters in this book because he demonstrates that he is a coward, strong, yet not courageous. Dimmesdale is too distracted by the fear of being discovered of his sin that he overlooks the fact that he let the biggest enemy move in w/ him. Dimmesdale looses more in his lie by not telling the truth because if he told the truth then Chillingworth probably wouldn't of had to put him through that torture because the town would have taken care of it. Dimmesdale also would have been in better health and not had to live his life as one big lie. Although he committed a very serious crime in Puritan times it was taken to the extreme in their case and that is why Hester did not give away Dimmesdale. She knew he didn't want to be put through that and also she thought that he should tell the people himself.Cheap University Papers on The Effects of Sin

Although it seems that Roger Chillingworth was sinned in the beginning, he ultimately is the greatest sinner out of Hester and Dimmesdale. Under the mask of a fake name, Chillingworth who really is Hester Prynne's husband is free to hunt down the man who committed adultery with his wife. From this point forth, Chillingworth acts immorally and inhumanely, reducing his spiritual worth in Hester's and Dimmesdale's eyes because they are the only ones that know of this. Chillingworth feels like he did not deserve such a young, beautiful wife, therefore he does put the blame on her for cheating on him. This is apparent when he says, "We have wronged each other. Mine was the first wrong, when I betrayed thy budding youth into an unnatural relation with my decay." Which is saying that he wronged her for having then married when he is so old and she is so young and she didn't love him and their relationship was a lie. After Chillingworth finds out that Dimmesdale is the father of Pearl, he makes it his life's mission to put Dimmesdale through hell. Chillingworth begins to torture Dimmesdale mentally and physically to get revenge on him. Chillingworth gets him mentally by hinting that he knows of Dimmesdale sin but doesn't out right confront him. Then he also torture Dimmesdale physically by giving him drugs that are slowly eating away at him. Chilling worth took the role of god and killed Chillingworth which if the town's people knew of this he would surely die for it.

The Scarlet Letter revolves around the theme of effects of sin on people and not the true affect but the person most affected by the sin is Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth. Hester loved Dimmesdale more than Chillingworth and did not expect to get pregnant for her relations with Dimmesdale but still should have expected the worse. The most ignorant move that Dimmesdale did was to not tell that he was the father and hide his guilt from the world and not be able to raise Pearl correctly.

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Women at Work

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Women at Work

There are many misconceptions about being a working mother. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the general characteristics of the working mother as well as address pacific aspects that may or not be so obvious. The interviews conducted relay information on the interviewee's daily activity, domestic environment, and job-related experiences. Chosen to undergo the interview are two working mothers; one of which has a professional career, the other a non-professional job.

Anna Dante is a thirty-eight year old mother of two. Her daughter Ebony is ten years old and her son Corey is eight teen. Both of which are still living at home. Choosing a job career for Anna wasn't difficult. She always knew she wanted to be in banking because it was a way to stay grounded while not loosing the personal contact with the community. When an opportunity opened for head of customer services she jumped at the chance to show she could do it. She has been Head of customer service at SunTrust bank for nine years.

Anna's children have different takes on their mother's career choice. Ebony would like for her mother to stay at home and be able to pick her up from school. Corey on the other hand feels it is his mother's decision and helps out around the house when needed. Her husband, whom she has been married to for seven years, loves the fact that his wife has made a career for herself. He him self owns his own concrete construction company so he knows how important it is to be independent and have a career. To further herself in her career Anna is thinking about returning to college and getting a four-year degree like her husband and broaden the two years she already accomplished.

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Second to interview is Julie Rantes. Julie is also thirty-eight and a mother of a four year old boy named Kyle. After trying of almost two years and giving up she has recently been told that she is pregnant, her baby is due in mid May. Julie is also in the banking career and has been so for the past eight years. She began with having a professional job but because of their son and the soon to come baby she decided on a nonprofessional job as a bank teller. She could not be happier with her decision because it gives her the opportunity to pick her son up from day care. School was never the main focus for Julie; both her and her husband completed years of college. They chose to focus on family. After being married for six years Julie and her husband, who is a construction worker, are happy that their family will now be complete.

On both interviews approximately an hour to an hour and a half was spent talking and gathering information. The women really enjoyed sharing what they go through on a day to day basis. Julie especially, laughing she joked about how she was giving enough information to write a book about her life. Anna was at first skeptical but opened up as time went by.

Many people do not know that being a working mother can be very difficult. Some people see the situation as an escape, a time to breath away from the kids and relax. In reality the time away can do just the opposite. It can cause unwanted stress that stay at home moms might not have to deal with. When a working mother comes home whether she has the opportunity to pick her kids up from school or just greet them at home, the kids automatically want mommy. They want to do everything from tell her about things that went on during their day to just wanting to play. In either case they want full attention directed in their way. All of this applies to the two the women that I interviewed.

In the case of Anna she spends about seven hours a day cleaning while the rest of her time is divided into doing, the grocery shopping and cooking. Her husband does help out with some of the cleaning, running the errands, doing the laundry, and the yard work. In her family it is known on whom does what tasks. Her ten-year old daughter is at school for the morning part of the day and while Anna and her husband work her son watches her daughter. Money in her family on the decisions of who takes care of what bill is pretty much split fifty/fifty. Anna believes that both the husband and the wife should share the responsibility of raising children, but within her family she does about twenty-five percent more than her husband. Choosing the career that she did has had an extremely positive impact on her family. It makes her a happier person and better prepared to take on the challenges of her kids. The only down fall of her career decision is that some days it can be draining but she never thinks that she suffers on the job. Raises and promotions are offered yearly. She has never had any problem with getting time off for family reasons or for just a vacation. As far as she is concerned she has found the perfect ending to tie in her family life with her work career.

Julie is still searching for the perfect ending and is praying that after she has their second child it will come. In her case Julie takes the larger part of the cleaning, running the errands and doing the laundry. Her husband does most of the yard work while they both take large parts of the childcare, cooking, and grocery shopping. Money is handled with her taking care of the house payment while her husband takes care of the other bills. In hours spent weekly Julie spends 18 on child care, 8 cleaning, cooking, running errands, 1 ½ grocery shopping, doing laundry, and ½ an hour doing some yard work. Her husband does 0 hours with child care, no time cleaning, 4 cooking, ½ an hour running errands, ½ an hour grocery shopping, no time doing laundry, and hours doing yard work. Child rearing in her family is split between herself, her husband and her mother. Julie does about %, her mother about 48%, while her husband does about 0%. Julie does wish that her husband did more house and yard work but understands that his job with late hours does not allow him to do so. Julie has been full time at her job for about six years but had to go part time after her son was born. She states that the impact her job had on her family has gone down having gone part time. When she was full time she could no longer work over time because of her family responsibilities. Also when she was full time she felt she did suffer because one year she had received a 6% raise, which is above average, and the next she only got a %. She largely believes it had to do with her family life. The same boss that cut her raise also always had a problem with giving her time off for child illnesses. Her boss also had to do with the reason she went part-time. Now that her old boss was fired and she went part time things have been great for her at work, which makes going home not a sigh of relief but a way to end her day.

In conclusion we touched on the interviewee's daily activity, domestic environment, and job-related experiences that goes on throughout there lives. These were just two women speaking on everyday situations. Imagine if an interview was done on a hundred. Peoples eyes have to open up to see that working women have it just as hard as working men, especially when children are involved. The two women that I interviewed love their lives and wouldn't change them for the world. It goes to show a women's work is never done.

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Honesty ,An ideal

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Long long years ago it was a proverb or a clitche that honesty is the best policy. Now it has become a dream & we can only find it in a books,Now a days we are used to say that honesty is an ideal,not the possibility.par

In favour of my topic I want to give u some examplespar

1.In our everyday life we are enable to perform our duties honestly.par

pard x8640 the duty of a school is to give a good base to a child but they take bribe in the name of a donation.At the time of admission of year child ,the parents are interviewed.In this type of interview the income of parents is judged.parOrder custom research paper on Honesty ,An ideal

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.In colleges most of our teachers give tutions at their home.Those students who take these tutions get good marks in the exams also.One day before our exam paper we can easily purchase our exams Q paper.par

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These are those examples which we have been experienced.These shows that we are purchasing our Degrees & Certificates.After completing our education we are unable to get good jobs , Why,because we dont have money to buy a job.I am giving u some others examplespar

1. If we are in a need of any govt doc ,such as id card,domicile or passport,Every one know very well what is going onin the related offices .We can get our pasaport without facing any difficulty.We only have to pay Rs 00 or 00.par

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. Now a days compuerized id cards are introduced.The person who bring these cards to us ask 10 Rs for each card.par

So once i and my mind were having a chat over honesty .I said it is very difficult o find an honest man in our society,If a person wants to be honest it is very difficult for him.An honest man cannot earn a happy living because our peoples will not allow him.My mind asked Why?I said that because our society is very much corrupted. Again my mind asked who made this society corrupt?, I answered people,then my mind said are we not included in people? are we not responsible for all the things happening around us?Our chat was over because i had nothing to say.par

In golden days it was a shame to be dishonest ,But now a days every body is dis honest and he or she proud of this fact.Now a days no one want to be left behind by the fast moving society.This whole world os moving around money .Everyone want to be rich inovernight and for this they are not only dishonest with our country but with themselves.They do all those things which can take them up whether they are right or wrong.they dont think that they are not going to take wealth from this world. it will their deeds wich will take them to heaven or ________.par

so i want to advise u all to be honest with urselves and with ur religion than inshallah at the day of judgement our deeds will be sparkling like diamonds.par

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Homosexual Advance Defence

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WHAT IS THE "HOMOSEXUAL ADVANCE DEFENCE? (HAD).

DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITION

· HAD defence is not itself a legally recognised defence.

· Is pleaded when an accused person alleges that they acted either in self-defence or under provocation in response to a homosexual advance.Order Custom Homosexual Advance Defence paper

· Australia in the 10's, a number of men standing accused of murder, pleaded that they were provoked when their victims made a homosexual advance towards them.

· In some of these cases, such a defence has resulted in a complete acquittal (R V McKinnon 1; R v Bonner) .

· In other cases the defendants have been found guilty of manslaughter instead of murder and received reduced sentences (R V Green, 15; R V Turner, 14).

· Also called the "Homosexual Panic Defence" (HPD) which originated in the United States .

· Defence was used to support a plea of either insanity or diminished capacity.

· By reason of mental defect.

· The pathological dimension of the defendant's "acute homosexual panic".

· .This was triggered by the defendants repressed or latent homosexuality and cause a violent reaction.

HOMOSEXUAL ADVANCE DEFENCE IN AUSTRALIA.

· In the 10's there was an increase in the use of the HAD in Australia, particularly in NSW.

· NSW Attorney General commissioned a Working party to investigate HAD and its effects.

· Concerned about the treatment of homosexuals in society

· About the possible erosion of equality before the law,

Are Homosexual Men at Threat of Being Murdered?

Commission's report (LRC) (18)

· NSW Police service Ù that homosexual men were four times more likely than heterosexual men to suffer a physical assault in a 1 month period.

· Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) Ù 7 male victims of gay-hate related homicide over a 10 year period (Mouzos & Thompsom 000)

· 8 murder cases in which HAD was pleaded, there were acquittals, 5 convictions of manslaughter (LRC, 18).

· In only 1 case was the accused found guilty of murder (LRC, 18).

What Are These Statistics Telling Us?

· Indicative of a general trend towards homophobic violence in Australia.

· The criminal justice system allowing HAD as a defence, was doing little to condemn this trend (Potter 001).

· The case of R V Green (15), an appeal to the high court for an overturn of murder to manslaughter conviction was successful on the grounds of provocation.

· The decision in Green condoned HAD, and secured a place for HAD in Australian Criminal Law.

· Between 1-18 there were 1 cases involving a HAD Defence.

· In most of these cases the accused presented his defence by way of a dock statement.

· A dock statement cannot be tested by cross examination. In NSW dock statements were abolished in 14.

HAD DEFENCE AND TRIAL FOR MURDER

THE LAW OF SELF - DEFENCE IN NSW

· The law of self - defence acknowledges that a person has a basic right to repel an unlawful attack.

· A finding that a person acted in lawful self - defence entitles him or her to be acquitted of the offence charged.

Has Two Components

1. The first is that an honest belief be held on the part of the accused.

. The second is that the belief be based upon reasonable grounds.

PROVOCATION AND SELF CONTROL

THE LAW OF PROVOCATION IN NSW

Section. () of the Crimes Act (NSW).

· The crime of murder may be reduced to manslaughter if the killing occurred in circumstances of provocation.

· There are two essential elements of provocation in a trial for murder that are common to all jurisdictions.

· Firstly, the act or insult of the deceased must be sufficient to cause a loss of self-control on the part of the accused.

· Secondly, the act or omission that caused the death of the victim must stem from that loss of self control.

· The level of self control required by the law is considered objective.

· The accused must convince the court that an ordinary person could have also lost self control.

HOMOSEXUAL ADVANCE IN THE CONTEXT

OF SELF DEFENCE.

· The primary concern about the operation of the defence of self defence centres upon the actual nature of the attack or perceived threat.

· The main criticism centres upon the failure to differentiate between a sexual advance and a sexual attack.

· In this context, the HAD risks treating a homosexual advance as a form of sexual aggression. Not because it is aggressive but because it is homosexual.

· In each of the NSW HAD cases the accused alleged that a struggle ensued between the accused and victim.

· On the version of the events given by the accused the sexual advance was a precursor to a violent struggle in which the victim was the primary aggressor.

· In HAD cases the deceased is often the only person present during the killing and so no contradictory version of events are available.

· The operation of self-defence in HAD cases can be partly attributed to community attitudes toward homosexuality.

· Particularly to notions concerning the protection of 'male honour' and 'masculinity' (Tomsen 14).

· NSW cases, the prosecution argued that the actions of the victim did not constitute such a threat to the accused as to call for the extreme response of killing, or inflicting injuries upon, the victim.

In The Following Cases The Jury Finds Not Guilty!

· R v McKinnon (NSW, SC, 1) McKinnon () had killed a homosexual man (46) by punching him and repeatedly ramming his head against a wall. While the victim lay unconscious, McKinnon also stole objects belonging to the victim including his car.

· The jury was directed in relation to both self defence and provocation.

· Despite evidence being admitted that McKinnon had discussed the killing with friends and told them that he had just "rolled a fag", he was acquitted, the jury having accepted, on the evidence presented in Mckinnon's unsworn statement, that he acted in self-defence.

The Advance

· McKinnon alleged that after entering the Victims bedroom to look at some marijuana, the Victim threw McKinnon onto the bed, pulled down his tracksuit pants and was on top of him.

· The prosecution argued that the Defendants actions in response to the victims actions were "over the Top" and that he could left the house rather than kill the victim.

· R V Bonner (NSW, SC, 15) Bonner (6) alleged in an unsworn statement that a casual acquaintance (6) had made a previous suggestion about sex to which Bonner replied with a comment that he was not homosexual. After drinking at a local hotel, Bonner invited the Victim back to his flat. He alleged that after asking the victim to leave the victim became angry, a struggle ensued and he stabbed the victim in the neck.

· The jury was directed by the trial judge in relation to both self defence and provocation.

The Advance

· Bonner alleged that after asking the Victim to leave due to the late hour, the victim became angry and started screaming at Bonner. A struggle ensued and the victim pushed the defendant up against the wall.

· The jury acquitted, having accepted, on the evidence presented in Bonners unsworn statement, that he acted in self-defence.

· The concern is that a jury may have equated a homosexual advance with a sexual attack. Making no distinction in their mind between an offensive, but nevertheless innocuous remark or action .

· This may stem from ill informed stereotypes of a homosexual men as predators/attackers (Pasquale, 00).

HOMOSEXUAL ADVANCE DEFENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF PROVOCATION

· The primary concern is whether a non-violent homosexual advance should constitute sufficient provocation to incite an ordinary person to lose self-control and kill.

· It is suggested that to allow a non-violent homosexual advance to amount to sufficient provocation reinforces the notion that fear, revulsion or hostility are valid reactions to homosexual conduct (Mison, 1, Tomsen, 14).

· A murderous reaction toward gay men should not be regarded as "ordinary" behaviour but as an "exceptional" characteristic of the accused (Mison, 1).

· When defendants who kill in response to homosexual advances are not convicted of murder, courts and juries reinforce the notion that homosexuality is culpable behaviour

· That gay men do not deserve the respect and protection of the criminal justice system (Mison 1, Howe 17).

In The Following Cases The Jury Finds Guilty of Manslaughter!!

· In R V Dunn (Wollongong, SC, 15) Dunn (1) killed the victim () by punching and kicking him and jumping on his head. Dunn also stole the victims keycard and cigarettes.

The Advance

· Dunn alleged that while cycling on a track he was confronted by the victim who said "I'm going to give it to you good". The Victim was dressed as a woman which made Dunn "feel sick". Dunn alleged that the victim had his penis in his hand and his "hands all over Dunn". After being kicked and punched repeatedly he stated that the victim jumped off the ground, spat in Dunn's face and said "is that all you've got".

· The jury was directed as to both self defence and provocation.

· Despite evidence being admitted that Dunn had returned to the scene of the crime, and had told others that he had "just bashed a rock spider" the jury accepted that he was sufficiently provoked and he was convicted of manslaughter.

· R V Turner (NSW, SC, 14) Turner (17) killed a homosexual man of (64) bashing his head with a door stopper (garden gnome) and stabbing him a number of times. Turner also stole the victims VCR and tried to sell it.

The Advance

· Turner alleged that While walking past the Victims home he was invited in for a drink. When he got up to leave after a 0 minutes the victim grabbed him on the bottom with both hands and "said something". Turner alleged that after pushing the victim away the victim punched him. A struggle followed and Turner bashed the victims head with the door stopper and then stabbed him.

· The prosecution argued that the alleged action of the victim (grabbing of the buttocks combined with

moaning) was not sufficient to ground self defence

· the jury accepted that he was sufficiently provoked and he was convicted of manslaughter.

THE TRIAL DISCOURSE IN THE COURT ROOM

THE VICTIM BECOMES THE SEXUAL PREDATOR AND THE ACCUSED BECOMES HIS PREY.

EVIDENCE ABOUT THE VICTIMS HOMOSEXUALITY

· Can inflame and bias juries as well as others involved in the conduct of a criminal trial.

· The victims are constructed as villains, recreations used as legal tactics aimed at reducing the implication of the accused acting with reason and intent in his actions against the victims (George, 17).

· The aim of reconstructing the victim is to convince a jury that the actions of the accused were in fact reactions against a dangerous individual.

For Example

· In the McKinnon trial, the victim was presented, by both the accused and defence and a closeted homosexual who prowled the streets looking for anonymous sex.

· In the Turner trial he was presented as 'a dirty old man' whose 'reputation' for an interest in 'sexual matters' was well known in the local community.

THE PHENOMENA OF THE SEXUAL ADVANCE

· In the courtroom the element of the "advance" is used to portray the supposedly aggressive and predatory nature of the victim.

· This advance is revealed in trial discourse as insatiable lusting and assault (Vaughan & Scott, 18)

Excerpts from transcripts display this vividly.

· R V Green (15) The victim despite being punched 5 times and having his head rammed against the wall, relentlessly pursued the defendant in an effort to satiate his apparently overpowering lust.

· Defendant stated "He still tried to grab me….he still tried to grope and talk to me".

· Similarly in R v McKinnon- The victim after being struck over the head with a wine bottle three times, and punched several times in the face, was described as persistent in his efforts to molest the defendant.

· Defence Counsel "What happened in the hallway between you and him?"

· Defendant "Well, we started struggling because he caught up to me again , because I stopped beating him…but he came towards me again".

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTIMONY IN COURT

· 160's 170's in the U.S. "Homosexual Panic" was used in the insanity defence.

· Two defence psychiatrists testified

"At the time of the homicide, the defendant was suffering from a schizophrenic disorder or reaction, acute psychotic process or character neurosis….this emerges….as a violent emotional reaction to a homosexual situation stemming from a person's conscious. or subconscious. awareness of his own homosexual tendencies.

"The defendant was a highly delusional paranoid schizophrenic, who was a loner, with a basic distrust of people, a highly latent homosexual with strong feelings of inferiority…sever stress of any type could result in an acute schizophrenic reaction with accompanying amnesia

In Australia

· 14 Richard Leonard admitted killing Stephen Dempsey with a high powered cross bow, dismembering his body and storing it in his fridge for four months before disposing of the body at Pittwater. He claimed the deceased had approached him sexually at Deep Creek Reserve Narabeen.

· The jury took four and a half days to find Leonard guilty despite his guilty admission and the gruesome nature of the crime.

· Forensic Psychiatrist Dr. Bruce Westmore testified at the pre-sentence hearing that Leonard was a "psychopath" with a "severe disturbance in his sexuality". Subsequent interviews while incarcerated at Long Bay Gaol revealed that Leonard now identifies as homosexual".

· Dr Bruce Westmore explained why a young man of then 1 who suspected he was gay, would go to a known beat, and commit murder.

These included a number of factors;

· Alcohol and drug abuse, unemployment, & possibly homelessness.

"Often these young men are uncertain about their sexuality. If they go to beats, that is more sexually specific and the attacks are often more frenzied".

· Westmore believes that there is a relationship between a disturbed sexual identity and homosexual advance defence.

· However, homophobia in the general community, a culture of machismo and masculinity and the failure of society to deal with homosexuality as the driving force behind the problem.

In New Zealand

RV Campbell (17) a jury accepted expert witnesses testimony of memory in particular 'flashbacks' and 'post traumatic stress disorders as a defence of provocation to a charge of murder.

The young man was found guilty of manslaughter and given a five year sentence.

The facts pointed to a sequence of traumatic sexual abuse involving the accused as a victim at the age of seven. His apparent "compartmentalisation of memory", the "development of adverse side-effects" his "mask of self control" and the fatal consequences for another person 1 years later who resembled the original abuser in appearance and made and approach which "triggered the traumatic memory of the original terrifying abuse"

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The definition of fear

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On the fourth of July, a group of young boys thought that climbing to the top of dead-mans cliff would be a thrill they would never forget. The climb was full of narrow paths and dagger-like rocks. They had precluded that the trek up to the cliff would be their only difficulty. The eldest and most courage's boy of the group reached the summit first. As the boy peeked over the edge into the water his heart sank. " Is this the same cliff we had looked at from the water," he thought to himself. Fear came over him as the other boys ran up behind him. "Jump, jump!" They shouted. He tried to speak but nothing came out. Not wanting them to think of him as a coward, he stepped toward the edge. He had jumped from a small cliff in the past and new all to well what the consequences were if he landed wrong in the water. Heart throbbing, legs shaking, skin sweating, and lungs gasping, he prepared to take the plunge.

What the boy is experiencing is called fear. Fear is an unpleasant often strong emotion caused by anticipation or awareness of danger. In the boy's case, the danger of not landing in the water perfectly strait could cause him bodily harm. The words dread, fright, alarm, panic, and terror, are essentially all terms that express different levels of fear. Fear is the most general term and implies anxiety and loss of courage. Everyone on the face of the earth has experienced this emotion. Different elements bring fear to peoples mind. The fear of heights played a large roll in the boy's uncertainty in jumping. Some of the many fears people experience include heights, death, abandonment, eternity, and ghosts.

The causes of fear that one may experience can be traced back to his earliest childhood memories. A painful experience on a bicycle may generate a fear of riding a bike for many years. A near drowning experience while learning to swim could make one fear the water for the rest of his life. When I was nine years old I saw a horror movie about clown dolls. At night the dolls would come to life and torture people. For five years after I saw that movie I would have nightmares. And still to this day I cannot sleep in a room that has a clown in it. Fear causes anticipation in ones mind and an awareness of danger. Associating a physical or mental pain with an activity or object makes one have a fear of the dangers associated with it.

There are three different types of fear superstitious, intelligent, and uncertainty. Superstitious fear is a fear of imaginary and make-believe things. The "monsters" in the closet are a fear that young children have that is totally superficial. The television shows that a kid sees or the stories that are told to him by other siblings can cause his imagination to make up a creature that want to "get" him in his sleep. Intelligent fear is one that comes as one gets older and gains more knowledge of the world around him. A girl that carries mace with her as she walks home through a bad part of town is scared of getting raped or robbed. She is only fearful of getting raped or robbed because she has either read the newspaper or saw on the news, people who have been attach in that part of the town. The fear of uncertainty is, not knowing the outcome of ones action. The boy that was about to jump off the cliff was uncertain to whether or not he would land safely in the water. Also being uncertain of whether of not the water is deep enough plays a role in his uncertainty of the task. Fear is a natural emotion but having knowledge about ones surroundings can give enough courage to face those fears with some confidence. And that little bit of confidence is what one needs to safely overcome the challenge.Order custom research paper on The definition of fear

Fear is not a good feeling; there is no freedom, happiness, or admiralty in it. One can spend a lifetime trying to conquer all his fears and never triumph. However that does not mean that one should not try. I read an inspiring quote a long time ago that read "There can be no courage without fear and no success without courage. Overcoming a fear will develop courage to take on more of life's obstacles. The boy that was debating jumping off that cliff had two options. One being that he could try warming up on a smaller jump and progressively jumping higher. Or two, He could just jump and risk personal injury. The first is the best way in overcoming ones fears. By knowing the skills on the intermediate level first, one can safely move up to the more difficult advanced trials.

Please note that this sample paper on The definition of fear is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The definition of fear, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on The definition of fear will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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'The Spear of Death'-Dreamtime

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Summary

'The Spear of Death'

In the far-off Yamminga times, so long ago that death was not yet known to the yoongar, the men and women of the earth, an old man and woman lived at Ngangalup with their only son. Each day the old man went out hunting for food. One morning he stalked an emu across the plain, and when he came near it he cast his spear. But the spear missed the emu and flew far, far away, and so the old man lost his quarry, and thought he had lost his spear, too.

But as he looked into the distance, shading his eyes with one hand, to see where his spear had gone, he suddenly beheld it returning at full speed, and coming straight towards him. He dodged the spear as it reached him, only to find that it turned and came towards him again; and when he dodged it a second time, once more it threatened him, so that he had to keep dodging it again and again; and each time he hoped that it would go away and leave him alone. He knew that if he misjudged the direction of the spear by only a fraction, it would go straight through his body and kill him.Cheap College Papers on 'The Spear of Death'-Dreamtime

After a while the old man grew very tired with this continual dodging of the spear; then his son came running to him, and when the young man saw what was happening, he said 'Let me take your place, father, for you are growing very tired.'

Although he was exhausted, the old man replied, 'No my son. You might be speared, for you are not so experienced in the arts of hunting as I am.'

'Let me take you place for only a little while, so that you can rest,' the boy pleaded.

At last the old man agreed to let his son take his place, and while he rested beneath a tree, the young man began to dodge the tireless spear as it came hissing towards him again and again. Alas, the son was not as experienced as the father in judging direction and distance; he let the spear come too close to him, and it pierced his body and he died.

The old man and woman, full of grief, buried their son in the ground, and soon afterwards they went to live in another place. If the boy had not been speared, then for ever afterwards all the yoongar would have been able to dodge any spear that was thrown at them, and moreover they would never have known death at all.

After the death of the boy the Law of the tribe decreed that the place where he was killed by the spear must always be strewn with fresh blackboy rushes by any of the yoongar who passed that way; any old rushes that lay there must first be removed before the fresh ones were put down. And if anyone neglected this Law, then in a short while he would die.

How does 'The Spear of Death' Relate to Aboriginal Spirituality?

Aboriginal Spirituality are myths and rituals that form the basis of the Aboriginal way of life. 'The Spear of Death' relates to Aboriginal Spirituality because it talks about the myth of how death was created, and the origin of a ritual used to honor those who are dead.

The cycle of life and death is something that all Aborigines of today's world must contend with. Their life, must always end in death before continuing onwards, for that is a never-ending step in the Aboriginal way of life. Aboriginal Spirituality is all about how and why things were created. The myth, 'The Spear of Death', talks about how and why death exists in the world today. It talks about the origin of death, an origin to a step in the lives of all Aborigines.

'The Spear of Death' also discusses the origins of an Aboriginal tradition of the Mirning Tribe, the scattering of Blackboy Rushes to honor those who have passed away. This tradition is a religious ritual that is performed whenever necessary.

Task Part Two

Where the Story Came From?

In 114, Daisy Bates, an Irish journalist and an Australia Government researcher traveled to the Nullarbor Plains with the intent to gather information on the mistreatment of Aborigines. At the Nullarbor Plains, Daisy met members of the Mirning Tribe. This tribe gave Daisy Bates information about the Aboriginal way of life, including many Dreamtime Stories. One of these stories is 'The Spear of Death.' Daisy Bates recorded this Dreamtime Story for her research papers.

'The Spear of Death' describes how the Mirning Tribe believe death had come into their land. It talks about how the Spear of Death came into their land, and how it hurtles around the Nullarbor Plains searching for its next victim.

The People and Language Group

The people who told this story were the Aboriginal people in the Nullarbor Plains region known as the Mirning Tribe. The language name of this tribe was Ngandatha, based on the phrase "What is it?"

Which Part of Australia

In 174, the Mirning Tribe were located in Western Australia, more specifically, the Nullarbor Plains region. They also lived in the east Port of Culver and White Well, eventually moving to the inner edge of Western Australia's "inner-country." The Karraru Tribe were also known to live in the Nullabor region. The land was shared at the time. This story relates to how death came to the Nullarbor Plains.

What is Dreaming and how does it Relate to my Dreamtime story?

Dreaming is the center of Aboriginal religion, spirituality and the Aboriginal meaning to life. Dreaming refers to all things physical, metaphysical and spiritual. Dreaming is the basis of all life on Earth, it is the past, the present, and the future.

The Dreaming also provides spiritual understanding, rules for living, and sets the social standard. Dreaming is the law for Aborigines, physical law and natural law, the natural order of life. It is the Dreaming that describes how things were created, and how we should live our life today. It is the bedtime stories they tell their children; it is the scary, camp-fire tale they tell their friends; it is the tale of meaning boys are told when they turn into men. Dreaming is the tradition, dreaming is the law, dreaming is everything.

Basically, the 'Dreaming' is the answer to 'why' and 'how'. 'Why do we exist?' 'Why is there death?' 'How were we created?' The Dreamtime is the era when everything was being created. It is the reason, and the means for existence.

'The Spear of Death' relates to the Dreaming because it is talking about the creation of death and the cycle that is life and death. Why is there death in the world and how was it created? This story describes how long ago, in the Dreamtime, one of the Aboriginal ancestors went hunting with a spear. The spear he used to kill turned on him and tried to kill him. Instead of killing him, the spear killed the ancestor's son, and for an eternity then on, the Spear of Death travelled the lands of Nullarbor searching for its next victim. Thus, explaining why there is death in the world and how it was created.

Bibliography

http//www.nla.gov.au/ms/findaids/065.html

http//www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindale/boundaries/sw_rite.htm

Australian Dreaming 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History. Published by Lansdowne Press, Sydney, 180. Complied and edited by Jennifer Isaacs.

http//www.yidaki.com/howplayed.html

http//www.disabilityaction.asn.au/dawebsite/systemsadvocacy/Advocac.htm

Living Religion nd edition. Published by Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited in 001

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The best story ever.

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What on

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THE FINDING was based on 171 women whose average age was 74 at the start of a 14-year study described as the first long-term look at physical activity and the ability to function later in life.

"Functional status relates directly to what people can do for themselves, so having a high functional status means the person is more likely to be able to live independently," said Jennifer Brach of the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, chief author of the study.

"Regular physical activity, which can be as simple as walking, not only helps people to live longer and healthier, it helps them to live with fewer limitations and a better quality of life," she added in the study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

Women in the study were checked intermittently via a questionnaire and tests that measured what they did in the way of sports or leisure activities, number of blocks walked and other physical activity.

The researchers found that women who were the most active, and were most consistent about getting exercise, were the most likely to be living independently 14 years later. Women who were always inactive were less likely to be independent, the study said. No details on blocks walked or other kinds of of physical activity was listed.

"With people living longer, this emphasizes that everyone, young and old alike, should be physically active," Brach added.

00 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters.

THE FINDING was based on 171 women whose average age was 74 at the start of a 14-year study described as the first long-term look at physical activity and the ability to function later in life.

"Functional status relates directly to what people can do for themselves, so having a high functional status means the person is more likely to be able to live independently," said Jennifer Brach of the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, chief author of the study.

"Regular physical activity, which can be as simple as walking, not only helps people to live longer and healthier, it helps them to live with fewer limitations and a better quality of life," she added in the study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

Women in the study were checked intermittently via a questionnaire and tests that measured what they did in the way of sports or leisure activities, number of blocks walked and other physical activity.

The researchers found that women who were the most active, and were most consistent about getting exercise, were the most likely to be living independently 14 years later. Women who were always inactive were less likely to be independent, the study said. No details on blocks walked or other kinds of of physical activity was listed.

"With people living longer, this emphasizes that everyone, young and old alike, should be physically active," Brach added.

00 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters.

THE FINDING was based on 171 women whose average age was 74 at the start of a 14-year study described as the first long-term look at physical activity and the ability to function later in life.

"Functional status relates directly to what people can do for themselves, so having a high functional status means the person is more likely to be able to live independently," said Jennifer Brach of the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, chief author of the study.

"Regular physical activity, which can be as simple as walking, not only helps people to live longer and healthier, it helps them to live with fewer limitations and a better quality of life," she added in the study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

Women in the study were checked intermittently via a questionnaire and tests that measured what they did in the way of sports or leisure activities, number of blocks walked and other physical activity.

The researchers found that women who were the most active, and were most consistent about getting exercise, were the most likely to be living independently 14 years later. Women who were always inactive were less likely to be independent, the study said. No details on blocks walked or other kinds of of physical activity was listed.

"With people living longer, this emphasizes that everyone, young and old alike, should be physically active," Brach added.

00 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters.

no

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ELIZABETH N. BALDWIN - FRIEDMAN

Elizabeth Baldwin, Esquire, prominent Florida attorney, breastfeeding advocate and La Leche League Leader, passed away March 1 after an extended illness.

Known as the countrys authority on breastfeeding and family law, Baldwin worked tirelessly to help mothers nationwide fight discrimination and solidify their right to breastfeed their babies both in public and in the workplace. She was an invaluable help to those who passed breastfeeding legislation in the United States. Ms. Baldwin also brought her expertise into the courtroom representing mothers in cases of child custody and visitation. Other attorneys in their family law cases often consulted her

when breastfeeding rights were at issue.Custom Essays on uhmmmm

Ms. Baldwin was often quoted in national newspapers and often made appearances on television and radio shows across the country. Her devotion to her family and the rights of breastfeeding mothers and babies was apparent as she balanced her family and professional activities. She served as the Director of the Legal Associates Program for La Leche League International.

Ms. Baldwin was scheduled to receive the La Leche League International Founders Award in July of this year for her years of service to LLLI and mothers and babies everywhere.

She is survived by her husband, Kenneth Friedman and her children David and William. Ms. Baldwin will be missed by her many friends and colleagues in the breastfeeding community.

ELIZABETH N. BALDWIN - FRIEDMAN

Elizabeth Baldwin, Esquire, prominent Florida attorney, breastfeeding advocate and La Leche League Leader, passed away March 1 after an extended illness.

Known as the countrys authority on breastfeeding and family law, Baldwin worked tirelessly to help mothers nationwide fight discrimination and solidify their right to breastfeed their babies both in public and in the workplace. She was an invaluable help to those who passed breastfeeding legislation in the United States. Ms. Baldwin also brought her expertise into the courtroom representing mothers in cases of child custody and visitation. Other attorneys in their family law cases often consulted her

when breastfeeding rights were at issue.

Ms. Baldwin was often quoted in national newspapers and often made appearances on television and radio shows across the country. Her devotion to her family and the rights of breastfeeding mothers and babies was apparent as she balanced her family and professional activities. She served as the Director of the Legal Associates Program for La Leche League International.

Ms. Baldwin was scheduled to receive the La Leche League International Founders Award in July of this year for her years of service to LLLI and mothers and babies everywhere.

She is survived by her husband, Kenneth Friedman and her children David and William. Ms. Baldwin will be missed by her many friends and colleagues in the breastfeeding community.

Please note that this sample paper on uhmmmm is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on uhmmmm, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on uhmmmm will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Famine in Africa

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Famine in Africa. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Famine in Africa paper right on time.

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Famine is most prevalently defined as "acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortality."(www.africana.com) This, as far as one can see, direct definition, however, avoids the much more complicated question of why people reach the point of starvation. Conflicting to popular media coverage of the issue, famine in Africa is not a brief event, nor an immediate, unavoidable outcome of drought or other climatic misfortunes. Rather, research on the history of famine shows that several factors typically contribute to a societys or regions vulnerability to starvation, and that some of the causes of famine have changed substantially over the past century. Famine is an entity in which destroys thousands of lives on a daily basis, in the paragraphs to follow the complete definition of famine will be addressed, up to and including how many people are at risk and also what countries are most greatly affected by famine. The root causes of famine in Africa will also be addressed, followed by possible solutions to the famine crisis Africa has been, and currently is experiencing.

The spread of famine in Africa now threatens well over 0 million people and is overwhelming the capacity of relief agencies to address the problem. "There are estimated to be 600 million who do not have enough to eat. 400 million are actually starving. 000 million suffer from malnutrition."(181, Poverty and Famines, Oxford Clarendon press) These numbers are increasing by the minute and without assistance from the ever-hesitant developed world, Africa is doomed to a reoccurring endless cycle of famine, starvation and poverty.

"Famine can be defined as a temporary failure of food production or distribution systems in a particular region that leads to increased mortality due to starvation and diseases that result from lack of food."

(Global Connections Canadian and World Issues by Bruce Clark & John Wallace)Custom Essays on Famine in Africa

What many would not know is that famine is not one subject in it-self, there are many contributors accumulating to the overall terminology.

One of the most commonly known contributing factors that seems to be supplying famine with even more drive than ever before is hunger and malnutrition. In order to be healthy and active, we must have food in adequate quantity, quality and variety to meet our energy and nutrient requirements. Without them, children cannot develop their potential to the fullest, and adults will experience difficulty in maintaining or expanding theirs. Malnutrition in the form of deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals continues to cause severe illness or death in thousands of people living in sub-Saharan Africa. In result, even mild forms of deficiencies can consequently hold a child back from their development and their ability to learn. Many of these consequences could possibly be alleviated by making sure adequate food supplies are widespread in variety and they also provide the right amount of essential vitamins and minerals. Starvation is an extreme form of hunger in which people suffer from a complete lack of energy and essential minerals. As the condition continues to worsen the body wastes away as tissue is perpetually consumed to provide protein and energy.

To put an end to the ever-evolving famine that Africa is facing doesn't even singularly begin with making sure enough food is made and available to the people. However, that even growing enough food doesn't guarantee that hunger and widespread famine would ever be eliminated. People need to be able to access nutritionally adequate food no matter what for a person to be able to lead a healthy life. The offering of everyone, through education of the problem, is extremely crucial to making sure the rights of the people in Africa to be free of famine that has stricken its economy for far too long is secure.

"Millions are at risk is nothing is done to help them. People are slowly running out of food. The drought destroyed crops last year and there are no imports. It's only a matter of time before we see visible hunger on the streets."

(Mercy Crops Food Program Manager Tom Ewert, from southern Africa, UN web sites.)

When discussing famine as a single subject one is prompted to inquire as to how many people are at risk of experiencing a genuine famine? More than seven million people are in immediate need of food assistance in southern Africa. (According to Mercy Crop workers in the area and the United Nations World Food Program, UN web sites) The amount of people in need of foreign aid has risen dramatically to a staggering 14.4 million, increased from May's approximate 1.8 million, with credible fears of a famine outbreak. According to officials associated with the United Nations up to 15 million people on the Horn of Africa could possibly also be faced with serious famine conditions in the up coming months.

Famine is undoubtedly hitting Africa much more strongly than ever before. North of the equator the entire Sahel region is at risk of a severe famine outbreak. (181, Poverty and Famines) Present famines are taking place in Liberia, Sudan and Somalia, the three main leading causes of famine in these places are failure of rain, war and things such as "cash crops"(the export of crops instead of using the food produced for themselves) If you were to head south of the equator, you would find the main location of famine to be situated in sub-Saharan Africa. This is not the only continent affected by famine, all around the world, places like Liberia, Iraq, China, India, Albania and Bosnia have all be stricken with famine.

To pinpoint a specific place, the Sahel is continually facing famine as a result of usual droughts. This can and has been linked with Eli Nino events that happened in the Pacific.

During 1 a serious drought had developed throughout southern Africa, affecting many countries, some as far as Kenya. It is estimated that 40 million people in that area were all facing extreme starvation during the month of September 1. The effect was population increase and it can be supported by the prime example of Zimbabwe. At the beginning of the century their population was 400,000 and then skyrocketed to 11 million. This would obviously suggest that this much larger number could certainly not survive especially with the current drought.

(www.angelfire.com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/problems/famine.htm)

The root causes of famine are many and somewhat complex in defining. The flow diagram attached will be of significant use in conveying that there is not just one cause of famine, wherever it may be affecting at the time. It's an accumulation of drought, flooding, governmental mismanagement and economic collapse have all come together to bring about the current crisis. Existing, widespread malnutrition and the highest rates of HIV/AIDS infection in the entire world compound the severity and the state of famine stricken regions. Each of the nations experiencing famine is faced with their own disastrous specific ambient factors. (Rabb, T. (editors), Hunger and History, Cambridge University Press)

Because of AIDS farming skills have been lost, agricultural extension services have declined, rural livelihoods have disintegrated, productive capacity to work the land has dropped and household earnings are shrinking while the cost of caring for the ill skyrockets it added.

War causes people to move off of their own land and prevents planting. As well as the lack of rain is connected with destruction of forests and other climatic changes. All of this results in a lack of terraces preventing collection of water, therefore the lack of trees prevents the rain from sinking in and absorbing into the land. The cause of famine in Mozambique is entirely placed upon the war, which has driven its people off of their land; Liberia is operating under some of the same conditions, experiencing famine following a civil war that destroyed a great amount of their infrastructure. (World Encyclopedia Collection, Blessed Trinity Library) Iraq is facing famine following the destruction of power supplies during the Gulf war including a failure to plant crops in land where the Kurds have been driven from their villages. Famine in the former Soviet Union is said to be arising as the result of extreme disorganization of the food distribution and absence of commercial networks. Also if the communist government in China collapses, although privatization of agriculture has already happened, leading to land being lost to urban building and rice to cash crops. Consequently, China's import of grains could destabilize the entire world's food markets. In Europe, Bosnia is experiencing famine as a result of war, and the collapse of the Communist economies in Albania had produced famine alleviated by European surpluses. (www.ifpri.org/pubs/fps//fps.8htm)

"Famines can result from either natural causes (for example, a drought or serious plant disease that causes crop failure) or human causes (for example, a civil war)" (Global Connections Canadian and World Issues by Bruce Clark & John Wallce)

Land that was once used to grow food for the local people of a village had come to be used for growing crops that would be sent to a "mother" or "developed" country. So this means that farmers did have the natural resources to produce an adequate amount of food rich in both quality/quantity and in variety. But, because they had no other form of income as a result of their country descending measureless steps behind in terms of industrialization, these primary industry workers were forced to export their crops to developed countries. Crops varied widely from colony to colony though included goods such as coffee, tea, sugar, bananas, cacao, cotton and silk. The end result of this was that some areas that has been self-supporting in food then became dependent on imports.

It's a distinct unarguable world issue that the food economy, even today, is unbalanced. Naturally, some parts of our world are much more productive than others, and one would imply that you could refer to it as the economic "food chain" So, still, we find ourselves plagued with the very same question we always have been, can the remaining funds of North America and Europe combined possibly be used to alleviate famine and hunger? Donating and/or selling items such as wheat or rice to Africa could evidently create a much stronger demand for imports. Meanwhile a good number of African countries already import a large amount of both wheat and bread, mainly because they cant grow it in their own land. The most obvious yet very controversial long term solution is to realize that there is a visible limit to the number of people a certain amount of land can sustain, the land can only support a certain amount of people before its natural resources begin to deteriorate forever. This particular idea especially proves to be true for many places like most of Australia and the Sahel where rainfall is uncertain and very scarce. The long-term solution definitely is something to think about mainly because many small islands have also adopted the very same idea. So, when thought about, couldn't the entire world, in actuality, be thought of as a small island?

Long term security must bring must bring food production and consumption into balance, mainly because at some time the number of consumers must cease to increase.

One of the most recent solutions that have even been discussed in class has been foreign aid. The international debt crisis plays a large role in this situation. Mainly because in the 170's when banks were willing to provide loans with low but floating interest rates, developing countries jumped at the idea of receiving funds, not ever thinking of when or how they would ever pay them back. That's exactly what happened, even today developing countries such as much of Africa is more than neck deep in millions of dollars worth of aid that has had no positive impact on its economy as a result of mismanagement of the funds. When a country is in as much debt as Africa it strongly prevents room for any type of human development because the crucial aspect of social services are largely cut back in order to attempt to even start paying back loans. Political responses to the issue are as follows "Majority of the debt will never be paid back, The losses have already occurred. But it will not in any way free up any new funds to fight AIDS or poverty. History strongly suggests that requirements attached to forgiveness (for fighting poverty or consulting the poor) will have only a modest effect, however well-intended."

(Grade 1 World Issues Notes provided by Mr. Lou Maida)

In conclusion by understanding the complete definition of famine and all that it addresses, including causes and solutions, one can then use this information not only for his/her own good, but the good of all mankind. The specific way a lot of people tend to react to the pictures of famine in Africa and around the world is more times than not, the question of "what can I do to help?" Many, either televised or not, reports on the issue seem to prompt people to ease their concerns by donating money. Although giving money to a justifiable cause is a nice gesture, there are many more, meaningful and just as fulfilling, possibly more so, things you could do that would also add to your generous donation. A great start to this could be educating yourself and others on the issue on hand, finding out about the countries citizens and there past and present situations. When we eventually gain the essential knowledge of famine and hunger and why it happens, majority of us are prone to ask questions and have our specific opinions on the matter intelligently challenged. With a combination of all of these tools, we are definitely better equipped to bring about substantial changes that will ass to the continuous fight against famine and hunger worldwide. Africa use to, and remains to be a continent of much promise. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is committed to supplying Africans the support needed to strongly combat the enormous problem Africa is facing with many other organizations. North America and it's extremely modest donations work to provide the full-spirited and hopeful citizens of Africa with everything they are deserving of an education, employment, peace, financial stability, social justice in their courts, and a descent life complete with an established health care system.

There is no evidence to doubt that all famines in the modern world are preventable by human action; that when people die of starvation there is invariably some massive social failure (whether or not a natural phenomenon had an initiating role in the causal process); and that the responsibilities for that failure deserve explicit attention and analysis, not evasion.

( Dando, W., 180, The Geography of Famine, London Edward Arnold)

~!References!~

1.www.africana.com

.181, Poverty and Famines, Oxford Clarendon press

.Global Connections Canadian and World Issues by Bruce Clark & John Wallace

4.Mercy Crops Food Program Manager Tom Ewert, from southern Africa, UN web sites.

5.According to Mercy Crop workers in the area and the United Nations World Food Program, UN web sites

6. www.angelfire.com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/problems/famine.htmb sites

7. Rabb, T. (editors), Hunger and History, Cambridge University Press

8.World Encyclopedia Collection, Blessed Trinity Library

.www.ifpri.org/pubs/fps//fps.8htm

10.Grade 1 World Issues Notes provided by Mr. Lou Maida

11.Dando, W., 180, The Geography of Famine, London Edward Arnold

Please note that this sample paper on Famine in Africa is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Famine in Africa, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Famine in Africa will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!