Which material is best for keeping water hot?

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Apparatus list

Two copper cans

Boiling water

StopwatchTwo measuring cylinders

Cotton

Corrugated cardboard

Two thermometers

Sellotape

Diagram

Prediction

We predict that the corrugated card will be the best insulator. We predict this because corrugated cardboard has pockets of air inside it and for heat to travel through air, convection needs to take place. It is harder for convection take places than it is for conduction to take place.

The reason that convection is harder than conduction is that the particles in a gas is far apart from each other and need to vibrate a lot before they begin to hit each other. However, the particles in a solid are very close together in a pattern and as the particles begin to heat up, they vibrate and hit each frequently and the heat is conducted through the material.

So, the corrugated card has the ability to keep warmth in whereas cotton does, but not as well as the cardboard.

Fair Test

To make sure that our experiment is fair, we will have only one variable. The variable will be the material, which we wrap around each copper can. We will wrap one can in a piece of cotton material and the other in corrugated card. We will keep the temperature the same and the times that we record the temperature the same.

Method

ɨ Firstly, collect all the required apparatus/equipment.

ɨ Wrap one copper can in corrugated card (once round) and fix it there with a piece of sellotape.

ɨ Next, wrap another copper can in a piece of cotton, again, one time round.

ɨ Now boil a kettle and when the water has boiled measure out two lots of 100ml and pour one lot into one copper can and the other into another can.

ɨ Immediately take the temperature of the water in each can and record the temperatures.

ɨ Now start the stopwatch and record the temperatures of the two sets of water each minute for ten minutes.

ɨ Now repeat the whole experiment again for a second time.

ɨ Take both sets of results and take an average for both.

ɨ Now record the results in a graph to show the differences in temperature and the difference between the two different materials (cotton and corrugated cardboard).

Safety

The only real hazard is that you may scold yourself with the boiling water from the kettle. So just make sure that you are aware when handling hot water to prevent any accidents.

Analysing evidence

From my results, I have found out that as time goes by, the temperature of the water decreases. I have found that the corrugated cardboard kept the water warmer for longer. I know this because after 10 minutes, the temperature of the water wrapped in Corrugated card was 60°c and the temperature of the water wrapped in the cotton material was 58.5°c.

The results that I got through doing this experiment the results do not seem to be proportional. The reason for this is because they don't follow a straight line.

Our prediction was correct. We said that we think that the corrugated cardboard will keep the water warmer for longer and we were correct. We mentioned that it is harder for convection to take place than it is for conduction to, this is proven through science lessons and the fact that the heat would have to travel through the pockets of air inside the corrugated cardboard.

The graph shows quite clearly that for both corrugated cardboard and cotton, the temperature decreases rapidly for the first 6 minutes. Then, for the next 4 minutes, the temperature of the water inside the corrugated cardboard didn't drop nearly as rapidly (65.5°c to 60°c). However, the temperature inside the cotton, still dropped quite a considerable amount (from 64°c to 58.5°c). This proves that corrugated cardboard keeps water warmer for longer.

Evaluating evidence

I think that the experiment was quite successful apart from the fact that the results weren't completely proportional.

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