Annabel Lee and Mending Wall

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The poems Annabel Lee and Mending Wall differ in many ways yet their similarities are so complex. The subject matter and purpose of the two poems is entirely different

There are few similarities between the poems and the similarities that do exist contain very different meanings. They both refer to nature,

"…Spills the upper boulders in the sun;"

"He is all pine and I am apple orchard…"Mending Wall uses trees and boulders to appear dark, earthy and solid; this somehow matches the structure of the poem, which is sturdy and well constructed.

Annabel Lee involves clouds, wind and the ocean.

"In a kingdom by the sea"

"…The wind came out of the cloud by night"

It is ethereal but powerful. The poem's rhythmic flow reflects the surging energy of the sea. Both poems speak of certain boundaries; the wall in Mending Wall is a boundary between two neighbours, but they have no desire to break the boundary, it is simply there as a symbol of opposing but not argumentative views. Whereas the boundary in 'Annabel Lee' is the intense passion the lovers have for each other, their souls are bound together for eternity, and they are not fighting this unbreakable bond. The mood changes drastically in each poem, Annabel Lee begins as a heartfelt love poem and develops into a stormy death, a life being stolen from a very strong love. At the beginning of Mending Wall, the speaker seems thoroughly disappointed that the wall is consistently being broken, he then develops a slightly mischievous nature and begins to wonder why there is a wall in the first place. Aside from these complex similarities, the two poems have highly different subject and purpose.

The subject matters of both these poems have no likeness to each other in the slightest. Annabel Lee is about the love a young couple share and her calamitous death, while Mending Wall describes two men working together, yet also apart to repair the broken stone wall separating their two properties. The purpose of Edgar Allan Poe's poem was to express the depth and perfection of the love two people can have for each other and that no matter what happens, their love will continue beyond the end of their lives.

"But our love it was stronger by far than the love

Of those who were older than we-

Of many far wiser than we…"

The purpose of Mending Wall is to create a representation of barriers between human contact, which does not only keep the neighbours apart; it brings them together in a unity of repair. In comparison, these subjects and purposes are nothing alike. They send completely different messages and the imagery causes contrasting reactions and emotions in the reader.

Both poems have strong emotions and imagery but they approach these with dissimilar methods. The feelings in Annabel Lee communicate a passionate strength. A perfect love is destroyed, a life is stolen with stormy, cold jealousy and desperate loneliness leads to an eternity of unbroken love. Poe uses the heavens and angels in a different context to make something that is bright, ethereal and chaste seem jealous and spiteful.

"The angels, not half so happy in heaven,

Went envying her and me"

Mending Wall is steadily innocent with a dark and magical touch. It portrays opposing emotions of freedom and confinement in unity. The speaker is trying to comprehend the concept of walls while the neighbour likes the rigidity and logic of a good, solid wall. He does not dislike the speaker, he simply thinks that the wall maintains a healthy relationship.

"He only says, 'Good fences make good neighbours'"

In Edgar Allan Poe's poem, the young lovers are said to live in "a kingdom by the sea" which gives the setting a fairy-tale quality and helps reinforce the general feeling of innocence, youth, passion and purity. Poe uses certain poetic techniques to create these strong emotions.

"I was a child and she was a child"

This is a metaphor as they are not actually children yet they have all the youth, freedom and innocence of children.

"…The stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes…" is saying that the stars are the bright eyes of Annabel Lee.

"The wind came out of the cloud by night.

Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee."

This personifies the wind as something human, a murderer that kills Annabel Lee.

The imagery in Mending Wall is innocent yet unnatural. The impression is given of a comfortable day in spring but there is darkness hanging around the broken wall. The only light appears upon the toppled "upper boulders in the sun" when the wall falls apart. The neighbour is not evil but still has dark qualities about him,

"He moves in a darkness as it seems to me,

Not of woods only and the shade of trees."

The poet uses similes that encourage this theory and also make him appear almost primitive.

"Bringing a stone grasped firmly by the top

In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed."

A metaphor is created as the two men share in the mending of the wall to replace the loaf shaped stones in their own kind of bread-breaking ceremony.

"…Some are loaves and some so nearly balls"

Another metaphor is used to result in a magical quality

"We have to use a spell to make them balance"

The speaker thinks it is unnecessary to continue the wall where the trees on either property meet.

"He is all pine and I am apple orchard"

When he voices his opinion he uses personification to describe both men and the trees. He innocently asks questions and accepts the neighbours answer yet still wonders to himself. The speaker does not disagree with the mending of the wall, he simply wants to understand it's meaning.

The language and history of these poems reveal hidden meanings and create a better understanding the two. Annabel Lee uses old fashioned and sophisticated language. Edgar Allan Poe takes a passage from the Bible and moulds it into the poem to maintain the idea of how strong the couple's love is.

"…Neither the angels in heaven above,

Nor the demons down under the sea,

Can ever dissever my soul from the soul

Of the beautiful Annabel Lee"

This is adapted from Roman's, Chapter eight, verses 8-, Paul says,

"For I am persuaded, that neither death nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor any other creature shall be able to separate us from the love of God."

This strengthens the image that nothing can separate their souls, just as nothing can separate man from God. Even death will only serve to reunite them. In Mending Wall Robert Frost uses effective statements.

"Something there is that doesn't love a wall" and

"Good fences make good neighbours"

He uses these an equal number of times, creating a directness of statement which pushes the double meaning throughout the poem. When John F. Kennedy inspected the Berlin Wall he quoted the poem's first line

"Something there is that doesn't love a wall."

On the other side of that particular wall, there is another example of how the poem has been used. When Frost returned from a visit to Russia late in his life he said,

"The Russians reprinted 'Mending Wall' over there, and left that first line off."

The Russians wanted the poem's other detachable statement

"Good fences make good neighbours." They applied what they wanted. This demonstrates how the double meaning in the poem can be viewed or manipulated to reflect a person's opinion.

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Alberto Giacometti

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Alberto Giacometti was born October 10, 101, in Borgonovo, Switzerland, and grew up in the nearby town of Stampa. The son of a successful post-Impressionist painter, Giacometti studied painting and sculpture in Geneva, before moving to Paris in 1 (Gohlke 00).

The works of Paul C�zanne and Alexander Archipenko impressed Giacometti. He was also deeply affected by the masterpieces of Giotto and Tintoretto. But Giacometti's early works, however, reflected the influence of African, Oceanic art and Cubism (Bonnefoy 11).

During the 10s, Giacometti came into contact with the Paris avant-garde and became a distinguished figure in the Surrealist group. His first solo exhibition in 1 at Galerie Pierre Colle, confirmed this position as Surrealism's most important sculptor. During this time, many of his works have a nightmarish quality, with evocation of sexual violence and physical confinement (Bonnefoy 11). Examples famous during this time are Woman Having Her Throat Cut and Hands Holding The Void. In 15, Giacometti grew dissatisfied with the purely imaginary aspect of Surrealism, and began working from nature, using people he knew as models. During the early 140s, Giacometti developed a close friendship with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, and became involved with the Existentialist movement. It is during this period that he developed his characteristic style, producing the tall, emaciated figures for which he is best known. Giacometti's haunting sculptures have been described as a perfect metaphor of existential man solitary stripped figures inhabiting a vast and meaningless silent void (Bonnefoy 11). His solitary figures are imprisoned on large bases, and physical decay is represented through the sculptures' gouged surfaces. Man Pointing and City Square are his famous examples portraying these features in bronze.

Around 150, the artist turned with renewed interest to painting and printmaking. His portraits are nearly always frontal views of single immobile figures. Tireless in his efforts to define the human figure, he drew and sculpted the subjects close to him again and again. His brother Diego and his wife Annette, his most constant models, are represented in many of his works during this period (Bonnefoy 11).

In 155, Giacometti was honored with major retrospectives at the Arts Council Gallery in London And the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. He received the Sculpture Prize at the Carnegie International in Pittsburgh in 161 and the first prize for sculpture at the Venice Biennale of 16. In 165, Giacometti was also awarded the Grand National Prize for Art by the French government (Gohlke 00).

Giacometti died on January 11, 166, in Chur, Switzerland, with the reputation of being the most important sculptor of the middle decades of the twentieth century.

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How the medievil church maintained its position of Authority.

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The authority in the medieval church was maintained mainly by three factors. One was because of the wealth of the church the other was their process of getting wealthy and lastly it is because of the popes who were the central figures in authority in matters of faith, law, discipline and organization.

Money was probably one of the main factors that raised the medieval church up and gave it the authority it may have lacked. The church had numerous ways of getting the money they desired. One of the most important ways was by selling indulgences to the people who felt that they needed it in order to prevent them from entering purgatory. The church teaches that before you enter into heaven you will be sent to purgatory to have your sins burnt out. Johan Tetzel stated ' a soon as gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs'. It seems as if he was more interested in the gold, then of the person's soul.

Another way the church attained their money was from the great pilgrimage.

This was the time of the greatest pilgrimages in history. People all over Europe traveled great distances to experience even the most insignificant of relics. Soon, the possession of relics became a kind of competition between churches and monasteries, indicating their popularity and faithfulness. With the collection of relics came an increase in the size and wealth of the church, which housed them. This led to an obsession for money and materialism within the church, which grew tremendously over the next few hundred years. It went so far as the selling of indulgences, which was basically the buying off of ones time, spent in purgatory before ascending to heaven.Cheap Custom Essays on How the medievil church maintained its position of Authority.

This action depicts the church because here you were encouraged to worship idols such as relics and patron saints. Relics became objects of veneration and worship. Every monastery became a shrine and more relics were gathered into it. People became too superstitious and ignorant and because of this they worshiped relics and saints to act out a religion that other wise could have been too abstract for them to appreciate.

The Medieval church used forms of entertainment and ceremonies which they became very good at in order to show their illiterate followers the majesty, mystery and authority of the church.

With the money they attained they were able to build the churches so that they rose up to be 'splendid' and 'dominant' structures. The churches soared above all other buildings within its site. This shows that the church had the money and the people's accordance to develop these magnificent buildings.

The church was seen to be like a pyramid. The bottom of the pyramid is where the less ranked authorities sat and as the pyramid goes higher we move to see the higher authority figures. On the top is the pope then the cardinals, then the bishops, then priests and at the bottom are the common ordinary people that are known as Laity. This group is the source that held the church together. They maintained the authority of the church.

Medieval Church in the West was completely focused on the pope as the authority figure in matters of faith, law, discipline and organization. The pope became an absolute monarch with supremacy over all the churches in the East as well as the West. The Roman church was considered the mother of all other churches and the pope was Gods representative on earth.

One of the famous Medieval Popes was Martin Luther, who played a key role in the development of Roman Catholic Medieval Christianity. He had a tremendous influence on medieval cultural, political and ecclesial life. He was religious and humble and very concerned about the needs of the people.

During the middle Ages, the Church in the West developed its own set of laws and regulations alongside the laws and decrees of emperors and kings. But the secular rulers were subject to church law, and the Pope was the supreme governor, absolute lawgiver and supreme judge not only in church matters but in secular as well, since the state was subject to the church.

The medieval church had several ways to maintain their authority; through wealth, ways of getting wealthy and the high authority medieval popes, but their ways were indignation to God and the church.

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Holocaust Medical Experiments

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Holocaust Medical Experiments

The horror and suffering imposed on the Jews, by the Nazi Third Reich has been extremely well documented since the end of the second World War just as with most aspects of the Holocaust phenomenon. The way the Jewish people, along with homosexuals, gypsies and others, not fitting the Nazi criteria, was nothing short of evil. Beyond many though is the concept and actual performance of the infamous Nazi medical experiments. A wide variety of heinous experiments were performed. Experiments such as Freezing/Hypothermia, Genetics, Infectious Diseases, Interrogation and Torture, Killing/Genocide, High Altitude, Sterilization, Surgery and Traumatic Injuries.

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A prisoner in a compression chamber loses consciousness

(and later dies) during an experiment to determine altitudes

at which aircraft crews could survive without oxygen. Dachau,

Germany, 14. (NARA Photo)

Doctors

From the beginning of time, or at least the 0th century, doctors and medicine have been placed upon a pedestal and widely admired. Even ancient civilization praised the medicine men as having special powers to protect life, holding them in the highest regards. They have given hope and a will to survive to those who are sick. Many have put all their faith into doctors, clinging to the chance that their disease or illness can be cured. Why we have such a fascination with doctors probably stems from many reasons. But probably the main reason is that they have always been linked to the solution of our greatest fears, pain and death. Throughout history doctors have produced many great wonders and cured many diseases that at one time were considered deadly, but now can be treated with little or no pain. However, there are some doctors who have betrayed and corrupted the place that doctors hold in our society. These were the doctors of the Holocaust.

Josef Mengele

"The Angel of Death"

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Josef Mengele was a doctor at the Auschwitz concentration camp. He promoted medical experiments and took much interest in twins. He subjected his victims to clinical examinations, blood tests, x-rays, and anthropological measurements as well drawing sketches of them for comparison. He would measure every inch of each twin, then inject his victims with various substances. He then killed them himself at the exact same time, by injecting their hearts with chloroform to later conduct examinations of their internal organs. His purpose he said was to establish the genetic cause for the birth of twins. Therefore he could formulate a program for doubling the birth of the "Aryan" race.

On one occasion he selected a set of 18-year-old Hungarian twins who were described as "extremely athletic and handsome." The examination started at the head by examining every inch. Then they were completely X-rayed. Next they had tubes stuffed down their noses and into their lungs where they were ventilated with gas which caused them to cough hard enough to be restrained. They were then photographed for several days; the purpose was to see any patterns in hair growth. After the pictures were done every hair on their body was removed. They were then photographed without hair. Later they were subjected to an extensive lower gastric intestinal examination performed without any anaesthesia. The twins cried so loud Dr. Mengele ordered they be gagged. More exams were performed extracting samples from their kidneys, prostate, and testicles. Several weeks later the twins were simultaneously killed by injections to the heart.

The Experiments

The experiments have been classified into three categories those conducted by the German Air Force, those involving medical treatment, and those, which were racial in nature. The German Air Force used prisoners of concentration camps to study the effects of high altitude, freezing temperatures, and the ingestion of seawater. Doctors sterilized many of the prisoners, and used them to study the treatment of battle injuries, gas attacks, and to test vaccines. The racial experiments included comparative studies of dwarfs, twins, and skeletal structure. The majority of these experiments resulted in the deaths of their subjects. ()

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A Gypsy victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater

potable. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 144. (NARA Photo)

Freezing / Hypothermia

Experiments were conducted at Dachau and Auschwitz to test freezing and hypothermia for the Nazi high command. The experiments were conducted on men to simulate the conditions the armies suffered on the Eastern Front. Thousands of German soldiers died of freezing.

The freezing experiments were divided into two parts. First, to establish how long it would take to lower the body temperature to death and second how to best save the frozen victim. The main methods used to freeze the victim were to put the person in an icy vat of water or to put the victim outside naked in sub-zero temperatures. The icy vat method proved to be the fastest way to drop the body temperature. A insulated probe which measured the drop in the body temperature was inserted into the rectum of the naked victim. The victim was then placed in the vat of cold water and started to freeze. It was learned that most victims lost consciousness and died when the body temperature dropped to 5°C. The second way to freeze a victim was to strap them to a stretcher and place them outside naked. The extreme winters of Auschwitz made a natural place for this experiment.

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Victim of a medical experiment immersed in freezing water at the Dachau

concentration camp. Dachau, Germany, between August 14 and

May 14.(Yad Vashem photo.)

High-Altitude Experiments

Experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp, for the benefit of the German Air Force, to investigate the limits of human endurance and existence at extremely high altitudes. The experiments were carried out in a low-pressure chamber in which conditions and pressures prevailing at high altitude (up to 68,000 feet) could be duplicated. The victims were placed in a low-pressure chamber and the simulated altitude was raised. Many victims died as a result of these experiments and others suffered grave injury, torture, and ill-treatment.

Experiments with Poison

Experiments were conducted at the Buchenwald concentration camp to investigate the effect of various poisons on human beings. The poisons were secretly administered to experimental subjects in their food. The victims died as a result of the poison or were killed immediately in order to permit autopsies.

In short Nazi medical experiments were nothing other than murder and the doctors who performed the experiments, nothing more than murders. Regardless of any beneficial findings There is no excuse to justify the actions that were brought upon the innocent victims of the Holocaust. It seems impossible to believe that a humans hate could drive them to conjure up deeds as horrifying as these. One can only imagine the emotional and physical pain that the victims had to endure. These experiments showed just how terrifying medicine can become. These experiments brought to reality what a mad scientist is and just how deranged he can become if given the right motivation.

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Gentlehands

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Kerr, M. E, Gentlehands. New York Harper

Keypoint, 10.

Rating

The characters that appealed to me are Frank and Buddy because theyCheap custom writing service can write essays on Gentlehands

got along so well and they barely knew each other. One event that I enjoyed

is when Buddys mother went to eat dinner with her father (Frank), and they

saved the racoon that was in the trap with a broken leg. Skye Pennington

and Billy Boyles were the characters that did not appeal to me. I did not

like it when the dog was killed by the towns people or when I found out that

Frank was the German Nazi known as Hentlehands.

I believe that this book is for an audience around the age of fifteen to

seventeen because M. E. Kerr wrote about events that they can relate to.

Younger children should not read this book because it has scenes that are

for a more mature audience. For instance, when Buddy and Skye smoke pot

at skyes house.

Plot Summary

Characters

The main character of this book is Buddy Boyle. He is a sixteen year

old boy who lives in Seaville, NY year round. He is considered to be low

class and works at Sweet Mouth Soda Shoppe. His grandfather is Frank

Trenker. He is a round and dynamic character.

Skye Pennington is an eighteen year old girl who only lives in

Seaville during the summer. When in Seaville she stays on her parents

estate called Beauregard. She has long black hair and her outfits are all one

color. For example one is all yellow and one is all blue. She listens to

classical music. She is a flat and static character.

Frank Trenker lived in a big house that sits on the edge of a cliff

overlooking the ocean. He loves animals and has a keeshond (a type of

dog) named Mignon. He listens to classical music and was the German

Nazi known as Gentlehands. He is a flat and static character.

Conflicts

There are many person VS. person conflicts in this book. In one case

Buddys father was punching him in thier backyard. Also in another

instance Frank was attacted by the people of Montauk. Both illustrate

person VS. person because one person or group of people are aginst another

person. There are also some person VS. themselves in the story. In one

example Buddy smoked majarogian at Skyes house and then drove to

Montauk. This is a person VS. thenselves because Buddy could have gotten

hurt on the way to Montauk.

Setting

The physical setting of the book is in the city of Seacille, NY, where

half of the town lives there all year, and the other half only live there during

the summer. The temporal setting is around the mid-70s to the early 80s.

The emotional setting changed throughout the book. It was happy from the

beginning throughout the middle, but toward the end it started to changing.

First it became confusion, and then it became anger. Lastly everything was

replaced with saddness.

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Colonies

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The first colonies in North America were along the eastern coast. Settlers from Spain, France, Sweden, Holland, and England claimed land beginning in the 17th century. The struggle for control of this land would continue for more than a hundred years. The first permanent settlement in North America was the English colony at Jamestown, in 1607, in what is now Virginia. John Smith and company had come to stay. The Pilgrims followed, in 160, and set up a colony at Plymouth, in what is now Massachusetts. Other English colonies sprang up all along the Atlantic coast, from Maine in the north to Georgia in the south. Swedish and Dutch colonies took shape in and around what is now New York. As more and more people arrived in the New World, more and more disputes arose over territory. By this time, the English colonies numbered thirteen. They were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, also known as the New England, Middle and Southern Colonies.

In 1607, a group of merchants established England's first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. They operated as a joint-stock company that allowed them to sell shares of stock in their company and use the pooled investment capital to yield a profit. The South consisted of profit-minded people, rather than religious groups. Profits were exclusive in the early years. Many Virginia colonists died of disease and hunger. All people at Jamestown adapted poorly to the wilderness conditions. The discovery that tobacco would grow in the Chesapeake region was a salvation for Virginia. The cultivation of tobacco caused Virginia's planters to find a reliable supply of cheap labor. To fill this need, planters recruited immigrants from various countries. These immigrants were called indentured servants. They sold a portion of their working lives in exchange for free passage across the Atlantic Ocean. As more settlers arrived, more pressure was placed on the Indians for land. Wars over land were provoked during the Pequot War and King Philip's War. In each other these conflict the colonizers were victorious. The native population of Virginia was reduced to less than one thousand by 1680.

The Puritans immigrated to New England, which consisted of New York, Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, in order to create a model new society under the rule of their governor, John Winthrop. The Puritans aimed their efforts at reforming the corrupt new land. Some Puritans felt they should remain in the Church of England and reform it from within. Other Puritans did not think that was possible, so they formed separate congregations. They become known as the Pilgrims. In 160, the Pilgrims founded the Plymouth Colony. In September 160, John Winthrop and other colonists established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Puritans built a sound economy based on agriculture, fishing, timbering and trading. Although the Puritans built stable communities, developed the economy and constructed effective government, their leaders, as early as the 1640's, complained that the founding vision of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was faltering. However, New England had achieved economic success and political stability by end of the seventeenth century. Towns functioned efficiently, poverty was uncommon, public education was mandated and family life was stable.

While English Puritans were establishing colonies in New England, the Dutch were one to the south. In 161, the Dutch government granted the newly formed Dutch West India Company permission to colonize New Netherland. To the English, New Netherland had become a wedge between the northern and southern colonies. In 1644, King Charles II granted James, the duke of York permission to drive out the Dutch. He renamed the colony, New York. Then breaking up the land, and naming the other part, New Jersey. William Penn had big plans for his colony of Pennsylvania; a government run on Quaker principles of equality, cooperation, and religious toleration. Penn's plan for government called for a representative assembly and freedom of religion. However, the principles of equality, cooperation, and religious tolerance would eventually become fundamental values of the New American Nation.Custom writing service can write essays on Colonies

Through disease, war, hunger and famine, the Middle, New England, and Southern Colonies prospered into the Thirteen Colonies, which today are known as, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Each colony, impacted by the others, had achieved economic success and political stability by the end of the seventeenth century.

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E-learning

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Throughout generations, we moved from a society based on agriculture, through one based on industry, to the highly technically oriented society we live in today. This era demands the greatest asset to any field of work or pursuit in life--knowledge, or human talent. Consequently, in order to keep up with this dynamic society, a sound educational system, including training, is a fundamental source of achieving the competitive advantage for any individual or organization. However, we are not only talking about a four-year degree, but the idea of a forty-year degree, where students learn throughout their lives. It doesnt matter whether they're full or part time students or have already begun working in their field.

Because of this expanding knowledge demand, today's education landscape is characterized by rising enrollments, changing demographics, and greater demand for anytime/anywhere learning. An intriguing example of this need is seen in the idea of e-learning, which is considered the fastest growing sector in educational approach. Therefore, it is very important to assess the quality of education offered through e-learning. We decided to do so through an examination of the quality and the possibilities for of Blackboard.com, one of the leading providers of e-education.

As the Internet grows, Blackboards roots in e-Education strengthen. What began as a collaborative effort among a team of students and faculty at Cornell University, has grown into a user base of two thousand clients (over five million individuals) in more than seventy countries worldwide, including colleges and universities, corporations and associations, as well as leading commercial education providers. In order to closely examine the quality of this site, we decided to look at its major advantages and disadvantages by following evaluation principles from the text, as well as an inside view from the student-learner's perspective, since two of our group members took an educational course through Blackboard.

ADVANTAGES

Blackboard facilitates educational process in many institutions around the country. The website has many advantages which we divided into five following categories

1. Convenience

. Consistency

. Customization

4. Privacy

5. Long-Term Cost Effectiveness

Convenience

There are two kinds of convenience that Blackboard offers

• Time flexibility Education is available twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.

• Place flexibility Education is available any place that has a computer and Internet access, i.e. learning is not a constraint to a particular geographic location.

This idea of anytime/anywhere education is of crucial importance to working individuals, students with physical/mobility disabilities, and mothers on maternity leave. They do not have to leave their house or take off from work, or spend time and money commuting in order to receive an education.

Consistency

Blackboard offers consistent quality of education from group to group over time, unlike courses relying on several different instructors for different groups, even within the same class. This has been an issue throughout the existence of organized education, because different schools, depending either on economic or social status were receiving different education. With e-learning, the idea of inequality or discrimination is brought to a minimum. In addition, material is consistent over the length of the course, and not susceptible to disruptions due to unexpected trainer turnover or illness.

Customization

Blackboard offers customization and interoperability that focus on individualized needs of students. This is achieved through following approaches

• Customized Features Blackboard offers a number of user-centric features that provide the sense of a learner-focused approach. This is achieved through the following tools

 Personal calendar, address book, user directory and to-do list.

 Customized academic Web resources to fit individual needs and preferences.

 Selected announcements of future events collected according to individual needs and preferences.

• Self-Paced Most of the courses offered by Blackboard are self-paced, catering to different learning speeds. This way, students who absorb material faster will not be bored and de-motivated by listening to the concepts they already know and understand. On the other hand, students who need more time to internalize these same concepts will have an opportunity to take that time, without feeling rushed or pressured.

• Immediate feedback Any assignments, exercises, quizzes, or tests offered through Blackboard provide immediate feedback to the student. Over time, this feedback is customized through various techniques, pointing out the mistake pattern that a particular student tends to make. In addition, it provides the list of suggestions on how to overcome this weakness, whether it is regarding material content, or test taking abilities. From this perspective, Blackboard offers pedagogical flexibility that is not achieved in a traditional learning environment.

• Retention Because of all these customized features that cater to unique learning needs, retention of material offered through Blackboard is at least as good as with other methods, and is often superior.

Privacy

The anonymity of Blackboard and e-education in general, offers an element of privacy that was previously unknown. There are individuals who actually prefer to interact with teachers and fellow students online. In the traditional classroom setting, a few students may dominate the discussion, while shy individuals may find it very difficult to participate because of their quiet nature. By contrast, both extrovert and introvert students can easily speak up online. The element of instructor/peer pressure is diminished, allowing students to express their opinions more comfortably. In addition, e-students tend to reflect more before participating, and therefore their comments and viewpoints often contain more logic and coherence than those expressed in classrooms. Also, a variety of forums within one discussion might be created, each with a distinct set of properties and approaches that allow for various pedagogical insights and routes to managing interaction. A number of colleges and universities, such as the University of Wisconsin, Madison, recognize and often prefer this method of discussion, characterizing it as "more effective and fact oriented, with low tolerance for discrimination".

Long-Term Cost Effectiveness

The long-term asset that Blackboard's educational program delivers is highly advantageous to schools who would like to offer e-learning opportunities to their students or companies who would like to do the same for their employees. Although the system's disadvantage of start-up costs exists and will be considered in the next section, the infinitely lasting value given the institution is extremely advantageous. Schools do not need to worry about lack of room to accommodate enough students leading to costly expansions or building projects. Students are also benefited long-term by avoiding transportation, or lodging costs over a lifetime of education.

DISADVANTAGES

Although Blackboard facilitates the educational process in many institutions around the country, it has certain disadvantages akin to the Computer-Based Training companies. We divided them into five following categories

1. Technical Problems

. Lack of Interpersonal Skills

. Short-Term Costs

4. Control

5. Inadequacies

Technical Problems

Although computer-based learning is the fastest growing educational approach, at the same time it's the youngest. Because it is so new, Blackboard and other similar sites encounter problems associated with e-learning on a daily basis, most of them being technical in nature. Although it is certain these difficulties encountered from time to time will be worked out in the future leading to an incomparable learning experience, they now pose certain problems. Both students and teachers have difficulties logging in, posting messages, uploading assignments, and giving and taking tests. Some of the specific examples are described bellow

• Blackboard.com operates very poorly on Netscape for Macintosh. This becomes quite a problem with Colleges and Universities, since over fifty five percent of them operate on Netscape for Macintosh because of slightly lower installation costs compared to other providers. Unless Blackboard comes up with a solution fast, this market segment is unreachable, and therefore lost.

• Resizing the quiz window using AOL connection often causes all entered information to be lost. This obviously causes the user dissatisfaction, especially during the test or training crunch time.

• Although theoretically Blackboard.com should work with almost any type of connection or PC, the practicality of situation is quite different. In order for a clip, test, or exercise to run smoothly, it needs a high-speed modem, as well as PC with a fast processing power. Therefore, many students end up using the University server, however in this case, the student obviously needs to be at the school which defeats the sole purpose of Blackboard.

Lack of Interpersonal Skills

Even though we now live in a knowledge-driven society, it is still one made up of people and knowing how to interact and operate in such society is still an irreplaceable part of any education. The following disadvantages may be offset by the traditional learning environment of a classroom but pose a threat to CBT programs

• less effective or even inadequate in teaching interpersonal or soft skills

• less opportunities to get involved in student academic life

• peer learning not predominant nor teachers learning from their students

Short-Term Costs

Because the market and technology for e-learning is relatively new and is presently in high demand, the short-term costs prove to be a disadvantage for using Blackboard and similar sites.

• Start-up costs for equipment are very high.

• Equipment and information systems take a longer amount of time to develop than a traditional course.

• Instructors need to be trained for the initial use.

• System implemented cannot be modified easily and is therefore, more costly to change.

Control

The issue of controlling the learning environment to uphold honest academic conduct is seemingly difficult if not impossible in an e-learning setting. The following disadvantages are related to control

• Attendance is not verifiable, thus it is easier for irresponsible student to skip the class.

• Identity of test-taker is not verifiably the same as the student who is enrolled.

• No control over when resources such as textbooks are used, if they're being used when they are not supposed to be used, or whether resources are appropriate and honest for the students use.

Inadequacies

Even though e-learning is an excellent tool for training and understanding of certain skills, some subjects or abilities simply cannot be taught effectively through use of CBT. The following are those inadequacies (excluding interpersonal skills which were already discussed)

• For teaching physical or psychomotor skills.

• For times when an instructor is essential, i.e. for the benefit of role-play exercises and networking.

• For actively learning a foreign language through oral instruction.

As we have already mentioned, education is necessary in order to get ahead, and more importantly to stay ahead through a life-long, educational endeavor. Education can thus be viewed as a strategic set of maneuvers, whose learning approaches are not always black and white as we can clearly see from the above analysis. Each individual is unique, and therefore, they have different learning needs and goals. Blackboard.com and e-education in general caters to this need for both customized and individualized learning. However, that is not to say that the need for a more traditional approach, such as the classroom approach is diminishing. Certainly this is because for some students and for some contexts, the traditional classroom approach is irreplaceable. Perhaps the most accurate answer is that the most effective education will take place through an intelligent blend of learning approaches that are matched to the individualized needs and learning styles of the student.

INTERNET TRAINING SOURCES AND HUMAN RESOURCES

The training and lifelong development of human talent, besides being an individual goal for many students and employees, is also a major aspect of Human Resources that is being newly redesigned with the advent of e-learning. E-learning is one of the future human resources competencies that will be critical to HR professionals because of current and future trends predicted for this field. Oddly enough, these trends coincide with several of the advantages of e-learning previously discussed. The positive qualities of internet training sources and the future of HR in four different categories are compared below

• Workplace Flexibility The fact that employees will have more and more choices about work arrangements, allowing them to meet their individual needs is no surprise in our society where convenience is of the utmost importance. E-learning via programs such as Blackboard parallel this flexibility in both place and time flexibility discussed under the advantage of convenience.

• Global Business The prediction of technology, especially the Internet [enabling] more businesses to enter the global marketplace is no doubt already in full swing today. Technology thus brings all businesses to an even playing field so to speak, breaking down barriers and enforcing total objectivity in the marketplace. This is similar to Blackboards commitment to consistency where statuses are invalid and inconsequential to a global learning environment that emphasizes equality.

• Work and Society A renaissance to the importance of family will supposedly be achieved because families will return to the center of society. This also compliments Blackboards flexibilities in time and place, again included in convenience advantages because mothers who chose to have a family life, can still pursue their learning goals without leaving their house or taking off work to do so.

• Workforce Development The opinion that training will be delivered just in time, wherever people need it, using a variety of technology cuts to the very core of e-learning and what Blackboard is founded upon. The self-paced nature and personal customization of Blackboard indicates the training is just in time for each particular student, learning as they need to know the subject either for themselves or their employers.

So regardless of what the life-long learning objectives, societal trends can change how one pursues them, be it through the traditional classroom setting, e-learning such that Blackboard offers, or a combination of the two. It should be expected then, that the work environment through the Human Resources function of the organization and all others would also be effected and adopt some of these trends for a more efficiently and effectively run operation. A m�lange of applications between the advantages of e-learning and the future predictions for Human Resources can be made to show us where we have been, where we are, and wh

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