Genetics

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GENETICS

Leukemia is an expression that describes a variety of cancers, which begin in the blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, the soft material that fills the long bones in the body and produces blood cells. In leukemia, the bone marrow makes an excess of diseased white cells that cannot perform their purpose of fighting infection. When the leukemic cells begin to fill the marrow, production of healthy red cells, platelets and white cells decreases. As the number of normal cells declines, symptoms appear. Low red cell counts cause tiredness and pale skin. Low platelet counts may result in bleeding and bruising. If mature white cells are crowded out, there will be little defence against infection. The precise reason of childhood leukemia is a mystery, but definite factors are known to raise the risk of developing the disease. Children that have chromosomal abnormalities such as Downs syndrome have a higher risk of developing leukemia than the general population. . Exposure to large amounts of ionising radiation which were released by factories that were producing highly dangerous toxic chemicals have contributed in a major way towards the evolvement of leukemia.

Genetics is the science of legacy. It aims to figure out the mechanism by which the blueprints for life are passed through generations, and how variations in these blueprints are important for evolution, yet can cause disease. Humans, like every other organism, are made up of cells and we all start off as just one cell at the time of fertilisation. This cell contains two sets of genes, one from our mother and one from our father. The genes are packaged up into 46 protein parcels called chromosomes and as the single cell divides, the genes are copied so that every new cell possesses the full match of genetic material. Moreover, knowing that human body has approximately 10 trillion cells, this mechanism of copying the genes is quite remarkable. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA and each cell holds an astonishing two metres of DNA. In a human each gene acts as a formula for the making of a protein and together they make up the recipe book or blue print.

Genes that function abnormally cause genetic disorders. Since genes are passed on from one generation to the next, genetic disorders often run in families. The major categories of genetic disorder are those caused by mutations in specific genes or those caused by structural or statistical abnormalities in the chromosomes. Chromosome abnormalities are due to a disorder in the normal group of 46 chromosomes that we inherit from our parents. Individuals may have more or fewer chromosomes than normal and at the time of cell division, sections of chromosomes can be detached and the part may be lost completely and it may re-attach the wrong way round or it could connect onto another chromosome. The two sections can become detached and change positions. Furthermore, when a cell does not correctly copy its DNA, a mistake or difference in a single DNA letter may happen.Cheap University Papers on Genetics

The different DNA run is likely to result in a different protein being made and if that protein is most important or crucial for the operations of the human body, disease may take place.

Cord blood is one of the richest sources of stem cells that can ever be collected much like bone marrow. It is from the umbilical cord and the placenta right after the cord has been cut. Cord blood contains stem cells that are a back up of the blood and immunity systems. They reproduce or differentiate into other cells and the red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells fight infection and platelets are necessary in the body for clotting. The cells from the cord blood can be used after treatments for a variety of cancer and blood diseases. Stem cells are also unique in the fact that they are the earliest most immature stem cells, safely available. Cord blood banking is the process of collecting the body from the cord right after delivery when the umbilical cord is clamped and the small amount of blood from the cord is drained and then taken to the blood bank. Then the blood containing the stem cells is frozen.

Most genetic testing now is done through amniocentesis when the fetus is 1 to 16 weeks old. But even then, the main risk is that even after going through the treatment cycle, there is no assurance that a pregnancy will be a success. The results are typically available after a wait of an extra three weeks. In this, a sample of the amniotic fluid is drawn from around the fetus. And then a floating cell from the fetus is then found and analysed. If the analysis shows that the fetus is genetically faulty, then the parents have the option of aborting the fetus. Basically all couples do chose to have an abortion. Some adults who know that they are carriers of a genetically transmitted disease decide to not have children.

As latest and fast advances in biological and medical research made it possible to analyze DNA from almost any minuscule sample of human tissue, concerns about privacy and informed consent have been raised. Complicating these issues is the paucity of information addressing tissue acquisition, use, and storage. Furthermore, human tissue is used for medical and biological research and for medical education and training. Other uses of human tissue include identification, such as in paternity testing, cases of abduction or soldiers missing in action, and forensic purposes in crime cases when biological evidence is available for comparison. The most common source of tissue is from patients following diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Tissue specimens may also be taken during autopsies performed to establish the cause of death. But, there is always one question that will be asked, is it approved and who approved it? Against such procedures people of strong religion could be against it. Moreover, a family where there is a child infected by some sort of disease, parents might ask for a PGD to create and genetically select embryos that mach to their child. During this process the parents might go through rough emotional difficulties. As they are trying to create a suitable embryo some could be aborted. As we see to save one infected child we are along the way destroying healthy children.

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