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Thang Doan
5th Period
11/1/0
Innovative Aviation Technology
On December 1, 10, the Wright Brothers took off, covering a hundred and twenty feet in twelve seconds, it became the first successful, controlled, powered, man-made flight. This was the spark of aviation technology. After testing their second and third flyers, the distance and speed increased. It proved the power of flight will be a great asset to mankind and it will substantially evolve in the future.
Otto Lilienthal had always dreamed of flying. He was a crazy birdman, a genius and an inspiration to few. In 1860s, Lilienthal had studied young storks learning how to fly and tried to imitate them by creating wings and flapping his arms. He made several gliders out of light willow wand and cotton fabric. Lilienthal position himself in the center of the wings, with his feet touching the floor, then runs downhill to the wind, catching an upward air current, and slowly soar up into the air. He managed to reach up to 1,150 feet of distance. On Sunday morning in 186, Lilienthal flew his glider again, a gust of wind caught him off course and he fell 50 feet to the earth. He was reported with a broken spine and died the following day. An eccentric genius died regretting having so much to learn. Soon two brothers from Ohio will come and pick off where he had lefted.(Somerville, 1, p. 4)
The Wright Brothers started off with the work of previous inventors that did not succeed in making a successful plane. Such as German engineer, Otto Lilienthal who worked with several gliders and Octave Chanute who also was proficient in gliders. In 10, the Wrights incorporated a 16-horsepower engine and separated the wing-warping controls from the rudder controls (Somerville, 1, p.5) They went to Daytona to test their new improved plane. It happens to be a cold, chilly day, the propeller shafts were damaged and had to be sent back to Dayton for repair. Wilbur took off covering 60 feet and ended in a crash. Three days later, Orville decided to takeoff, covering 10 feet in 1 seconds. The same day, Wilbur flew for 5 seconds and a distance of 85 feet. A person who witness the flight began running down the beach, yelling out, "They have done it! Damned if they ain't flew!" (Somerville, 1, p.5)
After the World War I, aircraft designers began dreaming of faster, stronger, more powerful airplanes, and many pilots were eager to test these new powerful machines. Events such as air racing attracted many pilots in reward of cash and trophy prizes. Others, dream to travel across an ocean or circle the globe or break a speed record. Such ventures were rewarded even higher and many rewards and prizes. In March 17, Charles Lindenberg flew the 'Spirit of St. Louis' nonstop over the Atlantic Ocean, from coast of New York to Paris(,610 miles). The flight had taken hours and 0 minutes (National Air and Space Museum, 1,
http//www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/gal100/stlouis.html). As a result, Lindenberg's fame was spread across the world, his successful flight proved that the use of airplanes were safe, and it will be a great way of transportation.
In 14, The Bell XP-5A demonstrated the efficiency of jet-planes. The later advance model, Bell X-1 made a remarkable achievement. It became the first airplane to surpass the speed of sound (700 miles) (National Air and Space Museum, 1, http//www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/gal100/bellX1.html). Many dozens had died trying to break the 'sound barrier.' The first airplanes that tried to reach the speed of sound encountered violent shaking, increased drag, and a loss of a lift and control. (Nation Air and Space Museum, 1, http//www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/bellx1.html). Whoever approached this limit usually breaks apart and crashed. At the time, people believed that there was some sort of sound barrier that could not be broken. The X-1 was a bullet-shaped airplane, constructed with high-strength aluminum, including two propellant tanks, twelve nitrogen spheres for fuel, and its -ton thrust rocket engine. With it's newly design rocket engine, it flew at 57 miles and at an altitude of 71,00 feet. This was the highest velocity and altitude created at that time. In succeeding and pride, General Vandenberg stated "marked the end of the first great period of the air age, and the beginning of the second. In a few moments the subsonic period became history and the supersonic period was born." (Somerville, 1, pg 10)
In 15, the X-15 was unleashed, a rocket powered research airplane. After the first couple of tests, it became the first airplane to reach hypersonic speeds of Mach 4, 5, and 6. It also reached the highest altitude going well above 100,000 feet (Somerville, 1, p. 16). In one test, it reached an altitude more than 67 miles, it was consider as a spacecraft rather than a airplane. The main factor of the miraculous speed is the air flow that exceeds the speed of sound. In traveling at supersonic speeds, the airplane has to overcome many barriers of the air. When the airplane approaches the speed Mach 1, the airflow on the wing reaches the supersonic speed before the airplane itself does. A shockwave forms on the wing, which is called a pressure disturbance. This is the force that pushes against these fast jetplanes (Marshall Brian, 18, http//travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.html).
The race to space was between US and the U.S.S.R. On October, 4, 157, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I. The world's first satellite about the size of a basketball, weighing 18 pounds and it took an hour and thirty-eight minutes to revolve around the Earth (Steve Garber, 00, http//www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/sputnik/). This marked the beginning of the space age and hopes for new political, technological, and scientific developments. Following the success of Sputnik, the U.S. Defense Apartment funded the development for another U.S. satellite project. Explorer I was launched on January 1, 158 containing an instrument package developed by a team from University of Iowa. The instrument helped discover the magnetic belts around the Earth. The magnetic belts were named after James van Allen, the primary investigator of the project.
The first American to orbit the earth is John Glenn. He boarded the spacecraft Mercury on February 0, 16. He circled the Earth three times. The space trip lasted 4 hours and 55 minutes. The spacecraft landed in the Atlantic Ocean. The first person to be in space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin in April of 161 (National Air and Space Museum, 1, http//www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/gal100/friend7.html).
The Apollo Command Model Columbia was the home of the three crew members that were sent to the Moon for exploration, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins. Michael Collins was designated to take photographs of the moon's surface while Armstrong and Aldrin explored the moon. After their exploration on the moon, Armstrong and Aldrin joined up with Michael Collins for the trip back home. As they entered the earth's atmosphere at 5,000 miles per hour, its exterior went up to 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit. (National Air and Space Museum, 1, http//www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/cchoice/columbia/cm_04.htm). The reason why it could take so much heat was because the Columbia was covered with a ablative heat shield, it protected the spacecraft from burning up and vaporizing. The ablative heat shield was an inexpensive and simple, which allowed the outer layers to vaporized. The spacecraft landed in the Pacific Ocean.
Pioneer 10 was launched on March 1, 17. It entered the asteroid belt on July 15 and was later found in seven months. It came back with images of Jupiter and information of its atmosphere, magnetic fields, and radiation belts. Pioneer 10 is powered by Radioisotopes Thermoelectric Generators, which can operate in deep space. It is still out there floating through space, its last ounce of energy was last detected in February 7th, 00. It has traveled 7.8 billion miles, last detection was 7.6 billion (Sawyer, 00, http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/17-01A.html).
In the future, solar sails has been suggested to travel to planets and other stars. This has only been to taken to small actions in exploring the frontier of space. Solar sails will allow us to travel farther and explore more. So far the Planetary Society has sent spacecrafts to all the planets in our solar system except Pluto, in hopes to discover stars that is like ours. It is expected that one day we will find a planet just like our Earth. Solar sails are the quickest, fastest way to getting around space and it picks off energy from the sun as a free source. The sails is approximately several kilometers wide, a very big structure, but it is extremely thin. Whether we are sending robots or humans, it is important that we get to our destination as quick as possible. Today aerospace technology is laser-powered sails, when sunlight grows weak, the powerful lasers will push your sails even faster. The sail connected to your spacecraft is several kilometers wide, although it is as thin as a spider web. The sails will reflect the star lights off its surface. A mission like that may possibly take a century, and if it succeeds it will open up new dreams and hopes for us. We know our planet will not last forever, but we can do what we can to make the best out of it and it is to continually enhance our technology for our own benefits (The Planetary Society, 00, http//www.planetary.org/solarsail/future_of_solarsail.html). REFERENCE
Apollo 11. [Online]. None. http//www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/cchoice/columbia/cm_04.htm [N/A]
Aviation. (000). Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. [CD-ROM]. Microsoft Corporation
Robert Somerville. Ed. (1). Century of Flight Richmond, Virginia.
Great Achievements. [000] [Online]. National Academy of Engineering. http//www.greatachievements.org/greatachievements/ga__.html
Milestones of the First Century Flight. [001] [Online]. Aerospace Industries Association. http//www.aia-aerospace.org/pubs/milestones/milestones.cfm
Milestones of Flight. [Online]. None. http//www.si.edu/harcourt/nasm/gal100/gal100.html [N/A]
NASM. [1-00] [Online]. National Air and Space Museum. http//www.nasm.si.edu/
NASA. [Online]. None. http//www.nasa.gov/home/index.html [N/A]
Dr. Lawrence Lasher Pioneer 10. [June, 15, 15] [Online] http//spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/Index.html
Solar Sails.[00-00] [Online] The Planetary Society. http//www.planetary.org
Somerville Robert (1). Century of Flight. Richmond Virginia.
Sputnik .[00, Feb. 1] [Online]. Nasa History Web Curator. http//www.hq.nasa.gov
To Fly is Everything. [Online]. None. http//invention.psychology.msstate.edu/air_main.shtml [N/A]
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