Judicial Reasoning

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In my opinion it is important to have both interpretivists and noninterpretivists comprising the justices on the Supreme Court. It is because of their great differences in philosophies, and differences in their decision-making process that there has come to be a built in system of balance. The court must include justices with different approaches to constitutional interpretation. "A Court without dissenters is a Court that will not adequately inform us of the costs of choosing the path taken" (Theories of Const. Interpretation).

Through the debates over the different ways of interpreting the constitution, the justices and people as a whole, continue thinking about the different options for interpretation. I believe this causes all those involved to think of things from more than one perspective and to justify their position more completely.

Justice Felix Frankfurter stated that constitutional interpretation "is not at all a science, but applied politics" (O'Brien, 67). This quote further underscores the need for balanced viewpoints. The interpretation of the Constitution is very difficult to divorce from political beliefs or motivations. Both interpretivists and noninterpretivists therefore make important contributions to the judicial process.

In my opinion, it is quite possible that the framers of the Constitution created a deliberately vague document, which would be able to adapt to modern times. Many scenarios, which most likely would never have been thought in the time of the writing of the Constitution, such as issues relating to the Internet or gay marriage are hot topics today. I do not think these issues would be on the minds of the framers of the Constitution, yet these are controversial topics today.

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In the current time, I do not think anyone would think it possible for black people to not be considered citizens. However, in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case, Chief Justice Roger Taney, who was a strict constructionist, using the "four corners" of the constitution as his guide came to this very conclusion (O'Brien, 76). I think Taney's decision in this case would make many people see the need to look further than the four corners of the Constitution. Black people were not considered citizens when the Constitution was written but there was no mention of this in the document itself. This may have been deliberately left out of the Constitution because the framers thought this would change in the future.

On the other hand, a decision by Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg was considered by some to be based on her own personal beliefs and beyond the legal interpretation of the Constitution. In the case of placing limitations on the Americans with Disabilities Act, employers wanted to place limits on the disabilities protects under the act, while advocates of the disabled opposed this measure. Under the original act, employers were required to hire people based upon their ability to perform the job in spite of any disabilities. Ginsburg recognized both that the Disabilities Act could be too broad in its representation of people considered disabled, and also how people could manipulate the system in order to become protected by the act. Ginsburg decided the law would not include people with correctable disabilities. (Ruling Defines Disability).

When deciding the outcome of a case many factors contribute to a judge's decision. The text of the Constitution, the intentions of the framers, prior court decisions, the social, political, and economic implications of the interpretation, and morality. The text, intentions, and prior decisions are considered to be accepted guides to Constitutional interpretation by both interpretivists and noninterpretivists. The social, political, and economic implications, and moral arguments are usually reserved for the noninterpretivist interpretation. I believe that all of these considerations should be addressed before coming to a conclusion in a Supreme Court case. This is an important part of the process.

There are necessary differences between interpretivists and noninterpretivists which make our Judicial system more complete and lasting. Interpretivism prevents the judges from gaining too much power and leaves the power with the elected representatives. In theory, interpretivism allows judges to be neutral parties, basing decisions on the framers intentions. Noninterpretivism allows the constitution to change as our country changes on issues of equal treatment of minorities. Noninterpretivism also allows the judges to prevent crises that could result from the inflexible interpretation of a provision of the Constitution that no longer serves its purpose, without the need for an amendment. This allows the constitution to stay relevant in a constantly changing society.

There is a delicate balance between these two opposing viewpoints. Both interpretivists and noninterpretivists contribute important ideas, experiences, and debate to their interpretations of the Constitution. Debate causes all parties to clarify and question their own arguments, leading to a more relevant decision. Our government is based on a system of checks and balances, and I believe the Judicial branch is no different.

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Leadership of Jesse Ventura

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The person of my choice just so happens to be the 8th person to govern the state of Minnesota Jesse Ventura. Governor Jesse Ventura to was elected to take office January 4th, 1 and his term just ended January 6th of this year. He was elected as a Reform Party candidate, but later switched to the Independence Party. Since becoming governor, he had not curbed his flamboyant side that was evident since his days as a professional wrestler. Ventura has on more that one occasion upset a large portion of Minnesota's citizens by his words or actions. There were a lot of questions concerning the type of leader he represents and his ethical framework while he was governor of Minnesota.

Jesse Ventura was born in Minneapolis in 151. He graduated high school in South Minneapolis before attending a community college in North Hennepin for one year. His college career ended when he entered the Navy and was trained as a SEAL. He served for six years in the Navy, four on active duty and two in the reserves. His Naval career took him to active fighting in Vietnam. Ventura then earned an honorable discharge from the Navy in 17, which at the time he was .

He enjoyed an eleven-year career in professional wrestling. Jesse "the body" Ventura started his wrestling career in the Minnesota-based American Wrestling Association. After his time in the AWA he moved up to the more popular World Wrestling Federation. He developed a medical condition in 186 that sustained his active wrestling competition. Faced with retiring from pro wrestling, Ventura quickly became one of the most flamboyant announcers in wrestling history. During his time announcing he became a successful actor. He starred in many movie, most notably The Running Man, Predator, and Batman & Robin. After his acting career declined, he was a commentator for NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers before coming a talk show host for KSTP-AM in the Twin City area. He resigned from radio broadcasting to pursue a successful bid for the mayoralty of Brooklyn Park, a suburb of Minneapolis.

He served one as mayor of Brooklyn Park from 11 to 15. His role as mayor was not as influential as a persona like Ventura could have attained, due to the weak-mayoral system. The weak-mayoral system yields little actual power, as the mayor's vote has the same power as the other board members. He served more as a spokesperson for the board. He kept busy in his personal life and was frequently criticized for failing to appear at a consistent level of meetings. While his decision was influenced by the criticism he faced, it turned out to be the deciding factor not to run again.

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Jesse Ventura retired from the political arena after his one term as mayor of Brooklyn Park. He appeared destined to pursue a non-political lifestyle. He returned to radio as a talk show host for KFAN-110 AM. He was seen mostly as a Minnesota celebrity during his life after serving as mayor. On January 6th, 18, however, Jesse Ventura announced his intent to run for governor to a widely uncaring media. Ventura's was readily dismissed as a publicity stunt by most branches of the media and quickly forgotten.

Jesse Ventura's gubernatorial campaign began gaining momentum during the televised debates with the top three candidates. Republican Norm Coleman, current mayor of St. Paul, attorney general of Minnesota Hubert H. Humphrey III, and Jesse Ventura engaged in a series of television debates during the 18 gubernatorial election. What would have been normally a two-candidate race became a three party race at the insistence of DFL candidate Hubert Humphrey. Ventura was not seen as a threat to the other candidates and his poll numbers after the televised debate were below ten percent.

Near the end of the 18 campaign, Jesse Ventura was closing the gap between his other two opponents. It was only on election day that the people of Minnesota realized that Jesse Ventura had a fair shot at winning the race. Millions of young people voted for the first time in the 18 gubernatorial election and they voted for Ventura. Many elderly people were discontented with the current state of politics also voted for him. It became clear later that night of election day that Jesse Ventura would be Minnesota's 8th governor.

Jesse Ventura is not a career politician. He is not a Democrat or a Republican. He is a working man with commonsense ideas and goals. He describes himself politically as fiscally conservative and socially moderate-to-liberal. He is an advocate of minimal government interference and minimal public reliance on government, which means lower taxes. He feels neither of the two parties represent the people anymore and they are at opposite extremes with 70 percent of us in the middle. This is why he is a member of the Reform Party.

Ventura is a Minneapolis native with working-class roots. He has a indelibly blue collar. He belongs to the private sector, which he says he will be returning to once his term as governor is over. I think this is one reason Minnesota elected him was because they know where he is coming from because he came from the same place. Ventura is not easy to ignore. He is big, he is loud, and he si not afraid to say what he thinks. Honesty, is one of the moral values he lives and dies by. He tells the truth, stands tall and speaks freely, even when it is not politically expedient to do so. This is where I think Ventura was well respected but it sometimes was not ethical to do so.

Throughout all that he has done as Governor in his first two years, Ventura retained extremely high levels of approval. Along with the controversial, he continues top ask intriguing political questions that churn thought-provoking debates. Among his personal goals as governor, he wants the State legislature system to take a vote on whether Minnesota should have a unicameral legislative system. Having one house instead of both the Senate and House of Representatives. Although the unicameral system was an unpopular idea when Ventura first broached the topic in 1, the idea gained supporters through Ventura's support of the plan.

Governor Jesse Ventura took a stand on a lot of issues. Government Reform, Term Limits, Campaign Reform, Legal Reform, Taxes, Consumption Tax vs. Income Tax, Refunds for Budget Surplus, Education, The Military, and Social Issues are many of the issues he had voiced an opinion about. He probably voiced his opinion the most on Social Issues such as crime, death penalty, drunk driving, marijuana, prostitution and drug possession, drug dealing, gun control, abortion, welfare, and health care.

He did not tackle these issues all in four years time. There is no way anyone could make a difference with tha many topics and that little time. He did pick a handful of issues that he did focus on while as governor. There were three that he felt had the greatest effect on all the other problems and challenges we face day to day.

Reforming the tax system, the government takes too much of our money and spends too much inappropriately. Reforming the public-school system and help families reinvest in neighborhood schools, with better education and more parental and community support, kids will be far less vulnerable to most the social problems we face today. Encouraging people to get involved with their government, so they can do there part to make it what they think it should be.

In respect to the Principles of Ethical Leadership I believe he sometimes did not show justice or respect others. I do believe he manifests honesty, serves others, and built community. I guess I would argue that he is a mix of a transformational leader and a transactional leader. Transformationally he is a motivator and takes consideration and is individualized. Transactionally he has a contingent reward, he is active and passive.

Bibliography

Minnesota Legislative Manual. Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State, 1-000.

Minnesota Legislative Manual. Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State, 001-00.

Ventura, Jesse. "I ain't got time to bleed." Villard Books. 1.

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Future of Management

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The future of leadership largely depends on the approach managers of all levels have toward employees in their organization. Leadership itself has always been one of the biggest strengths of an organization. The future should show just how vital that leadership becomes. It use to be that leadership came only from the top of an organization. Even today, and more so in the future, leadership is and will be widespread within the organization at all levels. Strategy is still set by leaders and managers at the top, but it is no longer necessary for those same leaders and managers to see that the company goals are achieved. They can now place that responsibility on individuals and teams that are designated by them to achieve those goals.

Management and leadership are two separate things all together. These words are often mistaken to mean the same but in reality leadership is a part of management. In fact, leadership is one of the most important traits of a good manager. However, being a leader and being a manager is not necessarily the same thing. In fact, in most organizations today we have leaders in every level in some facet. For a leader to become a manager he or she has to hold some sort of formal authority over other employees. Managers can also be leaders who do not necessarily have to lead all the time. Organizations that are structured in teams or departments will have leaders within each group. This shows that there does not always have to be a set leader at the top to be successful.

One of the major differences between leaders and managers are that managers are more likely to follow the guidelines set by the company in order to achieve their goals. Leaders are more likely to follow their own instincts and do things in a way in which they have grown accustomed to in order to achieve the same goals. Leaders often offer a different perspective than do managers. Managers often have a set way of doing things according to how they were trained by the company. Leaders of teams or departments will often add their own suggestions or ideas on how to solve problems or on how to reach an objective.

Leaders are the heart of the business, (Stever Robbins, 00). Managers are the brains of the business, (Stever Robbins, 00). Leaders are people who have a caring and understanding of the other people in the organization. Leaders work to keep up moral and keep people motivated especially when the organization is going through a difficult time. A good leader will find ways of occupying employees' attention in order to reach goals. Management has a different mindset. Managers are like robots of the company. They take what is given to them by the company and they instill certain rules, procedures, and guidelines for employees to follow. These things are all important to the success of the organization.Buy cheap Future of Management term paper

As we talk about leadership and management we also have to consider in what direction leadership and management is going. There is an emerging concept of management that is becoming widespread among many businesses. This concept, which is often compared to laissez-faire, is known as "Hands-Off" Management, (Rod Walsh & Dan Carrison, 001). The concept of hands-off refers to the method of empowering employees. In the old style of thinking, managers or small business owners thought that they had to do the majority of the work in order to be successful. With this style or concept, managers or owners can delegate or distribute the workload amongst all of the employees. This works in two ways. First, it relieves a lot of pressure from the manager or owner and it also gives them more time to deal with technical issues. Second, this concept allows these employees to gain experience in a way in which they would never have before. While the manager or owners hands are off, the employees are learning hands-on.

When we think of management we think of the four functions of management. The four functions of management are Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. The basic principles of these four functions will remain the same in the future, but there are ways in which each one will need be tweaked in order to adapt to change. We have already seen major changes in organizing. Planning, leading, and controlling will change based on the personnel of each organization. Employees of today are generally more educated than in the past. Today's employees are also becoming more involved in leadership roles and decision-making. Organizations will need to make adjustments to their personnel instead of the personnel making adjustments to the organization.

In conclusion, the future of management is very bright. The new breed of employee is hungry for success and in some cases hungry for wealth. This combination is a key motivating factor. The days of management having total control is no longer necessary. Today's manager is better off empowering employees to do certain jobs that were once the sole responsibility of the manager. A single chain-of-command is no longer the best way of seeing results. Teamwork is and will be the future of management.

Please note that this sample paper on Future of Management is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Future of Management, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Future of Management will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Stylistic Devices in Gatsby

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Biblical Allusions

-"You always have a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock." Insinuating that the faith will never cease for him

-"I had one of those renewals of complete faith in him that I'd experienced before." His faith in 'Jesus' was renewed

-"and we walked back a hundred yards along the road under Doctor Eckleburg's persistent stare." Shows that the eyes of God are watching as Tom goes to commit adulteryCheap Custom Essays on Stylistic Devices in Gatsby

Personification

-"The words seemed to bite physically into Gatsby."

-"…the motor-road hastily joins the railroad and runs beside it for a quarter of a mile…"

-"This is a valley of ashes-a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcending effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through powdery air."

Sounds of Language

-"Have a cigarette or a cigar." C and C sound

-"…Biloxi. 'Blocks' Biloxi and he made boxes." B sounds

Imagery

-"His brown, hardening body lived naturally…" Describing his physical attributes.

Juxtaposition

-"The most grotesque and fantastic conceits haunted him in his bed at night." Grotesque and fantastic

-"…lived through the half fierce, half lazy work of the bracing days." Half fierce, half lazy

-"Dan Cody sober knew what lavish things Dan Cody drunk might soon be…" Sober and drunk

Repetition

-Time repeated throughout novel

-Summer heat or warmness Warm or sunny whenever truth or big news is happening such as in the apartment or when Daisy and Gatsby first meet

-Faith-Continually used throughout as something that is changed and twisted

Foreshadowing

-"he must be about his Father's Business, the service of a vast, vulgar and meretricious beauty." Gatsby(Jesus) doing his Fathers bidding means he will eventually die

-"…Closed the doors of 'The Merton College Library' I could have sworn I heard the owl-eyed man break into ghostly laughter." God is there upon the closing of life

-"His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one." Meaning the dream will one day be no longer

Simile

-"This is a valley of ashes-a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcending effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through powdery air." Uses the word 'like'

Irony

-"I just slip it on sometimes when I don't care what I look like." All the rich people care what they look like, they're superficial

Metaphor

-"Probably it was some final guest…" The representation of the woman going to see Jesus' grave at the cave.

-"Big yellow car. New" Telling that new money is not strong and will one day be gone after the accident happened.

- "I was a guide, a pathfinder, an original settler." Nick said this upon helping a traveler

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How to watch a movie

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How to Watch a Movie

One thing that you can safely say that almost everyone does is watch movies. People do it all the time, but do they do it right? Have you ever watched a movie, but didn't under stand it? Well, that may be because properly watching a movie is far more difficult than most people think.

The first thing you need to do is make sure that you are in a mind set that goes along with the movie you watch. It does not take much to alter one's mood, and it is very important to keep this in mind when choosing what type of movie to watch. If you are sad, it is best to choose some sort of drama or tear jerker; you wouldn't want to watch a comedy. If you're upset or angry at someone, an action movie or thriller might just do the trick. Two other ways people feel when trying to watch movies are tired and hyper, but it is definitely best to be neither. If you are tired you will most likely fall asleep, and being hyper can cause you to not pay attention. To watch a movie you must be in the perfect frame of mind.

The second step to properly watching a movie is getting rid of as many distractions as possible. This step is probably the most important because if a distraction is large enough it can ruin an entire movie. The best time to watch a movie is when you are by yourself. No one can ask you questions when they don't understand what's going on, make noises to distract you, or tell you what's going to happen if they have already seen the movie. Nothing is worse than really wanting to see a movie and then have someone tell you who dies in it or what happens at the end. Perhaps the most common distraction for movie watchers is the telephone. If you're someone who receives several telephone calls a day, you might want to call ahead and tell everyone not to disturb you or just take the phone off the hook, because it is a horrible feeling to be at the climax of a movie and then hear the telephone ring.Order custom research paper on How to watch a movie

Last but not least, it is very important to be able to maintain focus during a movie. Staring at a screen for two hours tends to make people somewhat tired, so you need something that you can unconsciously do while watching a movie. One of the best things for this is eating. Popcorn is a good idea, but try and stay away from chips or anything else that comes in a noisy bag or that you have to crunch; these two things make bad distractions. Another thought is sewing; some people who are good enough at it can do it without taking away any attention from the movie. Not hungry; can't sew? No problem. Even something as simple as chewing a stick of gum and blowing bubbles can keep you awake and focused. One bad idea, however, is drinking. Sooner or later you will have to get up and go to the bathroom, and it might be at a part of the movie that you don't want to miss.

So you see, movie watching is highly underestimated. If you've ever had trouble staying awake while watching a movie or understanding a movie, try these three simple techniques and you might be surprised.

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Buyer Behaviour

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¡°Working women buy products and services essentially the same as non working women.¡± INTRODUCTION Consumer behaviour can be defined as ¡°the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining and using economic and services, including the decision process that precede and determine these acts.¡± (Engel et al, 168, p 5) Buyer behaviour refers to ¡°the acts of individuals directly involved in the exchange of money for economic goods and services and the decision process that determined these act. ¡°(Engel et al, 168, p 5). Both consumer and buyer behaviour differ amongst the population as people have different wants and needs. Therefore it is untrue to say that ¡®working women buy products and services essentially the same as non working women.¡¯ No two people are similar as physiological factors, cultural forces, economic considerations, interpersonal relationships, personality, self-concept, and learning are variables that shape goals and influence. (Runyon, K.E. 180). However consumers can be put into groups if they have similar characteristics, i.e. if they come from the same social class, background, age, lifestyle. Working and non-working women can be segmented in two separate groups. They are different because of many influences. Some are external due their social environment. What they do with these social stimuli involves a psychological process that differs from each other. These social influences and internal processes may evolve into a decision by the consumer to make a purchase or not. (refer to table 1). (Engel et al, 168). As both groups possess different characteristics, it is necessary for marketers to understand that they will have different wants and needs. Table 1. Factors influencing behaviour Personal Psychological Cultural Social  Age & Lifestyle Motivation Culture Reference groups  Occupation Perception Subculture Family  Economic Learning Social class Roles & status  Personality Beliefs  Self concept Attitudes Cultural Engel et al, (168) suggest that culture refers to the unique patterns of behaviour and social relations that characterises and distinguishes it from other societies. Culture is not inherited genetically, it is rather the result of learning. Parents, teachers and schools help indoctrinate each generation into a cultural decision. All cultures will develop from interactions between people in efforts to adjust to one another and their environments. In each society, the culture of that society has a functional purpose. It provides values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours that facilitate human interaction. The culture of a working woman will be very different from that of a non working female. Spiro, R.L studies show that Strodtbect, I. L. found cultural differences with respect to the roles of females were related to differences in decision making. This is because both groups will have different beliefs and attitudes due to the way they have been nurtured. Social In a materialist society economic well-being much determines what social class you are in. If this was the case, than working women would be in a much higher class than non working. However focusing primarily on income fails to recognise the differences in spending of disposal income characteristics of social classes. For example a teacher who earns the same as a truck driver will spend their money in distinctly different ways, the service and goods will not be the same. (Runyon, K.E 180). Working women may spend their money on socialising i.e. with friends etc. whereas a non working woman may have children and therefore spend much money on the family Social class differences are variations in life-styles, in values, interpersonal attitudes and self perception. These differences influence consumer behaviour, shopping patterns, and effective communications. Therefore marketing practitioners should understand that social class should be considered as a variable when may be helpful in developing strategies of product differentiation and market segmentation, however this does depend on the type of product itself the patterns of usage and competitive climate in which the product exists in. The working woman will more likely be earning a salary/wage than the non working which then puts them into different social group. Because of the money being earned this again changes the lifestyles, behaviour and attitudes of the non working female. The significance of reference group to buying behaviour varies depending upon the product or service, i.e. whether it is a necessity or luxury. Reference groups can be segmented into different categories, primary references will include immediate families, close friends and work co-workers. This group is particularly important when are purchases are made that will affect other members of the family such as holidays are booked. Secondary reference groups are those who we have formal contact with such as religious organisations, trade unions. (Runyon, K.E, 180) Women change as consumers, as they have move through different stages of the lifecycle. The way they buy, and use products, read, watch and listen to media is affected by whom they live with, i.e. if there is a partner, children or single. Harvard Business Review (178) Familiy background will also affect buying decision. This includes political views and how education is valued. It can be assumed that a working woman may be more educated than a non working women who may not find education as being a key priority. Adcock, D et al, (1) suggest that status within these groups are not necessarily automatic, therefore purchase which imply status within this group are likely to be affected by the expected attitude to the product itself. Roles and status ¨C Working women tend to play a greater role in family decision making than non working. Studies by Wolfe, D.M. (15) claim that the working woman gains power in several ways. Firstly she has resources such as financial. Intellectual, skill which cannot be developed at home, and secondly she becomes less dependent on her partner (if not single) for the satisfaction of her social and prestige needs. Personal The buying decision often depends on the consumers demographic profile. Any of the below variables can be relevant to an individuals buying decision. Lifestyle & age ¨C A working woman will lead a different lifestyle to a non working woman. Working women will tend to spend money on lunch snacks from shops and eat out in restaurants more than unemployed as working women avoid cooking and this is one reason for eating out. Mintel report (Women 000 ¡®Women and Shopping The Role Of Convenience.¡¯ (11/01/) claims that 47% of working women will spend their Friday evening at the public house whereas only 1% of non working women will. (Refer to appendix 1). 11% of women with full time jobs say they visit or order from pizza or pasta restaurant at least once in weeks where as only 4% of non working women do. (see appendix ) Mintel studies of Women 000 claim that working women are considerably more likely than those without jobs to be interested in film, book and music review. (WWW.sinatra.com) Bartos, R. (17) studies show that working wives spend fewer hours per week carrying out house chores, thus many find it necessary to purchase time saving goods and services in order to successfully combine dual productive roles. Working women will more likely possess a driving license and one/two cars whereas the non working female is apt to have shared in the car purchase decision. Economic - Many products will be dependent on perceived discretionary income, i.e. theatre tickets, books, restaurants. (Adcock, D et al, 1). Schaninger, C.M., and Allen, C.T.(181) investigated the influence of wives occupational status on family consumption patterns. Even after taking into account families of both high/low occupational status, working wives were more likely to own major durables than families of non working wives. Vickery. C. (17) used a Consumer Expenditure Survey data from 17 to examine the expenditure patterns of married couples, with the husband being between 4-64 with an income between $,000 and $4,. The survey was classified in three groups, full time women, women not employed and part-timers (not relevant to this question). Controlling the effects of income and other factors, i.e. family demographic and characteristics, families with full time wives spent significantly more money on personal care, domestic services such as dry cleaning than non-working women. (Bellante, D., and Foster, A.C. 184) Bartos, R. (17) research revealed that working women are more likely have saving accounts, regular checking accounts and credit cards. Personality / Self concept ¨C Women are becoming more introspective and are less identified with stereotypes. Evidence suggests that the working woman executes more considerable independence in decision making for major purchases than a non worker ¨C (housewife). Sellers of products such as furniture, household appliances should recognise this trend, as it will influence their selling techniques. Psychological Mintel¡¯s research on ¡®Women and Finance¡¯ (7/10/) suggest that the past few decades has seen dramatic changes occur in the roles than women play in society. There are more women in employment (51% in 18 44% in 185). This is due to more women continuing in further education, leading to a growing number in higher paid jobs, achieving more personal disposal income (PDI) With a 4 hour society a move towards greater flexibility is required in the workforce. New work patterns favour women with family commitments with approximately 50% of employed women having flexible working arrangements. With more women in labour forces, the quality of the labour force increases. This reduces the risks of shortages of labour and increases demand for goods and services that will assist to make the working woman¡¯s life easier i.e. convenience foods, meals out, more weekend breaks. This pattern of life varies significantly from the non working woman who has different demands. (WWW.mintel.com) Consumer behaviour can be described as a decision process. The non-working women will have limited resources where they will not be able to buy everything they want, the working woman will have more of an opportunity due to more finance. Both groups will have to make decisions as to which goods and services they will purchase. Even after the product or service has been purchased, other decisions will remain. This is known as the decision process, which can be broken into 5 steps. Table . Decision Process 1. Recognition of a problem requiring a decision . Search for alternative ways of satisfying the problem requirment . An evaluation of possible alternative solutions 4. The decision itself 5. Evaluation of the purchase decision made. The consumer does not consciously go through each step to make a buying decision. However these decisions are not made randomly, they are done for a purpose as mentioned earlier in the report. Much of this again is influenced by factors such as income, status, social class, family background and reference groups. Purchasing Goods and Services; Due to these factors, marketers must be aware that purchasing items will differ between the working and non working women and how they make decisions about purchasing will largely determine the factors such as culture, family, lifestyle etc as explained in table 1. Evidence that indicates how women buy products and services are discussed below. Mintel¡¯s (Women 000, women and shopping the role of convenience (11/01/) report suggested that time is valuable to both working and non working women. 4% of women with full time jobs enjoy shopping (this is shopping other than grocery) and occasionally go to look compared to 18% of non working women. (Refer to appendix ). These finding confirm that shopping is more of a leisure experience for working women. McHall, H.S carried out a research on food shopping by targeting 10 women via questionnaires consisting of 1 questions in an area of cluster random base from the 170 Census. The objective of her study was to find whether working and non working women shop the same. From her studies conducted, research indicated that working women (5%) shop no more than once a week, and she prefers to shop in the afternoon and evening accounting for 77% as opposed to 48% non working women who shopped more frequently. Bartos, R (177) Grocery shopping Mintel¡¯s report on ¡®Women 000,¡¯ (11/01/) indicated that working women are more likely to purchase grocery in more than one shop-(50%) compare to unemployed women-(4%). (Refer to appendix 4). Those working interestingly enough are less likely to have bought frozen ready meals. However chilled foods are bought more frequently, this could be due to frozen foods being cheaper and perhaps within a non working woman¡¯s budget. However working women more likely to buy frozen desserts than non working, not surprising as they are less enthusiastic to cook and in terms of purchasing behaviour, working mothers will buy frozen desserts if they are on special offer. Purchasing Clothing Working women prefer to shop in department stores than a specialist store, suggesting that convenience of one stop shopping is of prime importance. This may be due to working women having 40 hours less time than non workers to perform shopping functions. Therefore she is dependent upon marketing efforts to provide the appropriate products and services. Convenience of shopping is an important aspect, the function of price is less significant. Non-working mothers with children are more likely to buy children¡¯s clothes from by mail order than working mothers. The former may be that children accept parents choice more and a significant percentage of the group are on limited incomes, which may reflect the easy availability of credit that some catalogues offer. Product which are mostly bought are games, toys and baby equipment. (www.mintel.com). Laura Ashley targets working women with direct mail catalogue. It mailed 500,000 copies of its autumn/winter catalogues to its target group of 18-50yr olds with an income of over £7,000. Even though Mintel reports show that non working mothers buy more often via mail order, this particular group would not fit in with their target group as Laura Ashley produce clothes that are not in the budget range of the non working woman. European Business ASAP (Sept,1,11 p5) Newspapers and Magazines Women working are more likely than non working women to buy glossy monthly magazines although both groups are equally likely to buy weeklies. One explanation for this could be that glossy magazines are more expensive than weekly therefore non working women may decide to spend this money on necessities and perhaps by it occasionally as a luxury treat for themselves. Types of Buyers Working women more likely to be persuaded by special promotions and offers They are most likely to plan ahead, be cautious and brand loyal. However studies show that they are impulse buyers but then this depends on the product or service being purchased. One suggestion could be that they have less time to browse and make considered decisions. The non working female however describes herself as not being an impulse buyer, being more economically minded. Harvard Business Review To explain rational brand choice behaviour within the limits of individuals capacities, the 4Howard Sheth model can be applied. It is one of the contemporary models of consumer behaviour as it attempts to deal with both overt and internal behaviour that cannot be observed directly. To overcome this problem, Howard and Sheth undertake four sets of variables. The first is input variables - These are stimuli from the buyers behaviour ie. the working or non working woman. They include product variables such a quality, price, distinctiveness, availability and service. From Mintel¡¯s report ¡®Women and Shopping (11/01.), it was revealed that non working women are more likely to buy non branded products because they are cheaper whereas working women will by a product that is more expensive because they perceive it as being of quality. (www.sinatra.com) The second variable is outputs that are attention, comprehension, attitudes and purchase behaviour. Again working and non working women differ due to their internal influences. The third variable is the hypothetical construct which consist of perceptual constructs that involve information processing and learning constructs that lead to concept formation. Finally the last variable is the exogenous variables which includes importance of purchase, social class, culture and personality perceptions. Again the two groups vary significantly as discussed earlier in the report. The study of this model is important in attempting to identify the major variables influencing consumer behaviour. It shows that the consumer (in this case the working and non working women) actively seeking information from the environment using past experience and forming generalizations as a guide to decision making. However one major limitation to this model is that it is of little value to market practitioners. Runyon, K.E. (180) RECOMMENDATIONS Marketing is becoming more competitive and to gain a strong position in the market place it is important that marketers assess the following points carefully.  Target market selection  Product and services  Pricing decisions  Promotion decisions.  Distribution process  Positioning Target market segmentation Marketers should look at working women and non working women as two separate segments. This is because they shop differently, favour different brands, use media differently, have different motives and lifestyles. Harvard Business Review (178) Product and services From the research carried out, evidence shows that working women will not purchase products and services essentially the same. Many internal and external factors will determine their purchase decision making. Pricing decision Non working women will be cautious about the value of products and services, whereas the higher salary /wage earned by the working woman will vary in the cost of what they will pay for a service or product. The working woman may be brand loyal, however the non working woman will usually buy a less expensive product. (WWW.mintel.com). Promotion decisions Mintel report (Women 000, 11/01/) concludes that advertisers and marketers need to target working women differently from non-working women. This is because non working women watch more television than working women who scarcely view it morning or evening. Also working and non working women perceive different perceptions and messages from advertising. For example a study was conducted to examine how employed and non-employed wives respond to different elements of automobile advertising messages. Data was gathered by interviewing 77 women via telephone. Results revealed that employment status significantly affects perceptions of advertising message appeals. More so, retired wives respond differently from other home-makers even though they are also non-employed. It also found that employed wives views value for money, interest rate of loan and monthly payment more important than non-working women. However the latter considered length of warranty and special rebate offer to be of greater importance than employed women. European Business ASAP (Jan,17 v7 p54) Working women are the heaviest listeners to Radio and magazines tend to be more important in their lifestyles. Harvard Business Review (178). Distribution decisions Working women are least likely to enjoy any grocery shopping however they do shop in more than one grocery shop. It can be recommended that a secondary shopping outlet be situated near workplaces. Home deliveries could be successful as this would make them a prime target for home shopping services. Positioning Therefore marketers will need to position their products differently in the market so they can target both groups of women who have different wants and needs. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Wolfe, D.M. ¡®Power and Authority In the Family.¡¯ In Dorwin Catwright, ed., Studies in Social Power (Ann Arbor University of Michigan, 15), P.10 Engel, J.E., Kollat, D.T,. Blackwell, R.D. ¡®Consumer Behaviour.¡¯ Pub-Holt, Reinhart and Winston, Inc. (168,) Runyon, K.E. ¡®Consumer Behaviour and the Practice of Marketing.¡¯ nd edition. Pub-A. Bell and Howell Company (Northern Arizona University) (180). Adcock, D., Bradfield, R., Halborg, A., Ross, R., ¡®Marketing Principles and Practice.¡¯ Pub-Pitman Publishing (1). Journals ¡°What Every Marketer Should Know About Women.¡± Harvard Business Review 56, (178) 7-85 European Business ASAP (Jan,17 v7 p54) European Business ASAP, (September,1,11 p5) Spiro, R.L ¡°Persuasion in Family Decision Making.¡± Journal of Consumer Research , 4 (18) ¨C 40 Bellante, D., and Foster, A.C. ¡°Working Wives and Expenditures on Services.¡± Journal of Consumer Research 11 (184) 700-707 Bartos, R. ¡°The Moving target The impact of Women¡¯s Employment on Consumer Behaviour.¡± Journal of Marketing 41, (177) 1-7. Internet WWW.Mintel.com - Women 000, ¡®Women and Shopping The Role Of Convenience.¡¯ (11/01/) WWW.Mintel.com ¨C Women and Finance (7/10/) WWW.Emerald.com. Bartos, R. ¡°The Moving target The impact of Women¡¯s Employment on Consumer Behaviour.¡± Journal of Marketing 41, (177) 1-7.

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Oratyial Techniques of Queen Elizabeth 1

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Oratory Essay Queen Elizabeth 1 of England Haylee Ellis

Queen Elizabeth 1 skilled use of oratial techniques, especially authoritative statements, religious appeals and her use of the concepts of heroism and royalty made her famous. Her speeches were delivered more or less impromptu. But the lack of prepared notes, as well as recording equipment, meant that her speeches had to be recorded in shorthand as they were being delivered, or copied down from memory afterwards. Many complaints have been made of the inadequacy of the notes that do not capture Elizabeth's skill.

Research for this essay was mainly conducted through the Internet, as it is the quickest and most comprehensive resource available. Most of Elizabeth's speeches have been published, meaning that a wide range of material was available for this essay. Research was undertaken with the intention of discovering what were the main features of Elizabeth's techniques, what effect were intended by the use of these techniques, and what bearing did subject and audience have on these. Six speeches were chosen as the main material The Armada Speech 1588, the Farewell or 'Golden Speech" of 1601, Two speeches on religion, 155 and 158, and two that were responses to a Parliamentary delegation on her marriage, 155 and 1566.

Elizabeth used many oratorical techniques in her speeches, but the most notable ones are the use of authoritative statements, references to God and religion, and her use of the concepts of honor and royalty. Elizabeth was a female authority figure in a time when men ruled most countries. She often refers to herself in the third person "we have heard your declaration and perceive your care of our estate" (Farewell Speech) "yet do return you this our answer" (on religion, 155). She refers to herself as the State, "I myself will be General, Judge and Rewarder" (the Armada speech) and uses the terms King, Queen and Prince interchangeably, such as in her speech on religion, 158; "bestowed upon a careless Prince". The 14th century was a time when almost everybody believed in the Christian God, in some form. Elizabeth's speeches made frequent references to this. She often refers to "almighty God", and often hopes that it will "please God" is used many times. She said "set the Last Judgement before mine eyes" in her farewell speech, "but He will so work in my heart" "I studied nothing else but divinity" (response to a parliamentary delegation on her marriage, 1566), and also "religion is the ground in which all other matters ought to take root" (on religion, 158). Elizabeth's use of the concepts of honor and royalty are most obvious in her Armada speech; "to live or die amongst you all, to lay down for God, my kingdom and my people, my honor and my blood" and "I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and a King of England too." But possibly her most famous statement is "for me it will be enough that a marble stone should declare that a queen having reigned such a time lived and died a virgin" (response to a parliamentary delegation on her marriage, 155). Elizabeth's awareness of honor is also obvious in these statements from her speech on marriage in 1566; "I will never break the word of a prince spoken in a public place", and, "were it not for my honor, their knavery would be known". Help with essay on Oratyial Techniques of Queen Elizabeth 1

The use of these techniques is very effective, the culmative effect being one of absolute authority. Elizabeth's use of authoritative statements is used to reinforce that fact that she is the monarch, England's voice of authority which must be obeyed completely. This technique also means that Elizabeth identifies with the audience, and assures unity of purpose. In a time when religion was an important part of most people's lives, Elizabeth's constant referral to religion is an appeal to the beliefs of the audience, and also demonstrating her commitment to religion. There is also a link to both the concept of royalty and her authoritarian stance, in the fact that Elizabeth often refers to God when explaining her views has the effect of making her argument the 'right one', at least in the eyes of God. Elizabeth often hints that parliament's decisions are often contrary to God's. Her use of the concepts of honor and royalty reinforce the image of 'good Queen Bess', portraying her as a person to be admired and respected, and ultimately, obeyed. But it also reinforces the idea of England, and the people of England as honorable, because of the fact that their queen is noble and courageous, willing to die with them and for them if necessary.

In conclusion, Elizabeth was one of the greatest orators of the 14th century. Her skillful use of authorative statements, religious appeals and the concepts of honor and royalty, as well as many other oratorial techniques to inspire and persuade her audiences made her famous in her day, and perhaps she should be in ours too.

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Pearl Harbor

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Pearl Harbor. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Pearl Harbor paper right on time.

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The United States was known to be a rather quiet country. Their motives were never meant to be harmful, as our leadership was our growing strength. The power we had to help other countries out when they needed was our contribution to show our potency. War, as we know it, has always tried to be avoided. Though one early Sunday morning, December 7th, 141 the citizens of Pearl Harbor were awaken by an unexpected blast of infamy that would last through their lives forever. It was a matter that they had no say in because it just happened in a click of a second. There has been controversy though, wondering whether or not war could have been avoid. Japan had been planning on their attack there for many months and finally went ahead and followed through with their plans. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was extremely detrimental to the United States military force and was an early turning point in World War II.

Before the attack, Japan had already been preparing for their messy fight against the United States. All obstacles were looked upon to makes sure that it was a flawless encounter. Just after war broke out in Europe, the plans took a bigger approach, as Germany and Italy informed Japan that they were on their sides through it all. During these couple of months before the actual event took place, the United States was suspicious of their small actions happening as Japan was growing. Observation of Pearl Harbor was a daily necessity to Japan. That included the talking through code to spy's in the United States; reading newspapers; listening to the radio and all other ways of contact of the status of the states. Once for example, a caller from a Tokyo newspaper called the Yomiuri Shinbun wanted to talk to a local Japanese dentist in Pearl Harbor. His name, the dentist was Dr. Motokazu Mori.

Tokyo asked about conditions in general about planes, searchlights, the weather, the number of sailors around…and about the flowers. 'Presently,' offered Dr. Mori, 'the flowers in bloom are fewest out of the whole year. However, the hibiscus and the poinsettia are in bloom now.' (Lord, 5)

Intelligence wondered about this call, for many different reasons but the main concern was why was a newspaper calling at an expensive rate to talk about plants, searchlights and sailors? It came to them that it was a spy. After that, the United States, more though Pearl Harbor was put on alert for anything suspicious to come into waters anywhere in the Pacific in a certain range off the coast of Hawaii. The United States during this time when talking and negotiations were still going on, wanted to cut off total exports of oil to Japan which some wonder, if they did, would it have made a difference, because they wouldn't have been able to actual make the attack without it. Though, because they had Italy and Germany on their side, most likely they would have found the oil to make the surprise attack. To Japan, it was a smile on their face because they knew the whole time that they would succeed, but to the United States, it was a face that a curious baby would make.

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Guitars

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on guitars. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality guitars paper right on time.

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How Electric Guitars WorkBuy guitars term paper

by Marshall Brain

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson Flying V Guitar

From a popular culture standpoint, the electric guitar is one of the most important inventions of the 0th century. More than any other instrument, it defines the tone and character of rock and roll music. But when the electric guitar first hit the scene in the 10s, few people saw its potential. It took quite a while for the instrument to find its place in American music.

Despite the slow start, the electric guitar did find its place. It has inspired and defined entirely new types of music. The electric guitar remains the most prominent instrument in rock music, and the most famous instrument ever to come out of the United States.

In this edition of HowStuffWorks, you will learn exactly how the guitar itself works, and we will also discuss the system that the guitar and the amp create together. Working in combination, the guitar and the amp can produce an amazing variety of sounds.

How the Guitar Works

If you have ever compared an electric guitar to an acoustic guitar, you know that they have several important things in common. Both acoustic and electric guitars have six strings, they both tune those strings with tuning pegs and they both have frets on a long neck. Down at the body end is where the major differences are found.

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson Flying V and classic Les Paul electric guitars

Some electric guitars have a hollow or semi-hollow body with the resonating cavity found in an acoustic guitar, but the most popular electric guitars have solid bodies. The sound is produced by magnetic pickups and controlled by several knobs. If you pluck a string on an electric guitar that is not plugged in, the sound is barely audible. Without a soundboard and a hollow body, there is nothing to amplify the strings vibrations. See How Acoustic Guitars Work for details.

To produce sound, an electric guitar senses the vibrations of the strings electronically and routes an electronic signal to an amplifier and speaker. The sensing occurs in a magnetic pickup mounted under the strings on the guitars body. A simple magnetic pickup looks like this

A vibrating string cuts through the field of a bar magnet in the pickup, producing a signal in the pickups coil.

This pickup consists of a bar magnet wrapped with as many as 7,000 turns of fine wire. If you have read How Electromagnets Work, then you know that coils and magnets can turn electrical energy into motion. In the same way, they can turn motion into electrical energy. In the case of an electric guitar, the vibrating steel strings produce a corresponding vibration in the magnets magnetic field and therefore a vibrating current in the coil.

There are many different types of pickups. For example, some pickups extend a single magnet bar under all six strings. Others have a separate polepiece for each string, like this

Some pickups use screws for polepieces so that the height of each polepiece can be adjusted. The closer the polepiece is to the string, the stronger the signal.

The pickups coil sends its signals through a very simple circuit on most guitars. The circuit looks something like this

The upper variable resistor adjusts the tone. The resistor (typically 500 kilo-ohms max) and capacitor (0.0 microfarads) form a simple low-pass filter. The filter cuts out higher frequencies. By adjusting the resistor you control the frequencies that get cut out. The second resistor (typically 500 kilo-ohms max) controls the amplitude (volume) of the signal that reaches the jack. From the jack, the signal runs to an amplifier, which drives a speaker.

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The body of this Gibson Gary Moore Signature electric guitar has multiple pickups.

Many electric guitars have two or three different pickups located at different points on the body. Each pickup will have a distinctive sound, and multiple pickups can be paired, either in-phase or out, to produce additional variations.

Amps and Distortion

Most electric guitars are completely passive. That is, they consume no power, and you dont have to plug them into a power supply. (Some do have active electronics powered by an onboard battery.) The vibration of the strings produces a signal in the pickup coil. That bare, unamplified signal is what comes out of the guitar and into the amp.

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson GA-15 amp

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson GA-0RVS amp

Photo courtesy Gibson Guitars

The Gibson GA-0RVH amp

The amps job is to take the guitars signal and make it audible by boosting it enough to drive a speaker. The fascinating thing about an electric guitar amp is that the amp is actually a part of the instrument.

The role of an electric guitar amp is completely different from the amp in a stereo system. A stereo amp is meant to be transparent -- its job is to reproduce and amplify sound with as little distortion as possible. With an electric guitar amp, musicians often seek distortion as well as the option of a clean sound. Distortion results when the signal in an amps circuitry is too powerful for that circuitry. The distortion is actually a part of the desired sound, and many amps are designed so that guitarists can control the level of distortion.

Musicians may also take advantage of feedback loops between the amp and the guitar. If the sound coming out of the amp and speaker is loud enough, it can cause the guitars strings to vibrate. The musician can hit a note with the guitar, and the amp will cause that string to continue vibrating indefinitely. Both of these concepts -- amp distortion and feedback -- are unique to the electric guitar.

You can hear the effects of distortion in these three examples

Electric guitar without distortion - Gibson ES-175 guitar with 57 Classic Humbucker pickups

Electric guitar with mild distortion - Les Paul Custom guitar with 40R and 48T pickups

Electric guitar with heavy distortion - Gibson SG 61 Reissue guitar with 57 Classic Humbucker pickups

A typical amp has at least three parts

A pre-amp

A power amplifier

A speaker

Some amps also include effects and reverb circuits between the pre-amp and the power amplifier.

The job of the pre-amp is to boost the guitars signal enough so that it can actually drive the power amplifier stage. Because an electric guitar is passive, its signal does not have enough power to drive the power amp directly.

One of the interesting things about many electric guitar amplifiers is the use of vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes have distortion patterns and characteristics that are known and loved by many musicians. These musicians seek out tube amps with specific tubes and specific amplifier circuits (for example, Class A versus Class AB amplifiers) to get the exact sound they are looking for.

Electric Guitar History

Engineers began experimenting with electrically powered instruments, such as music boxes and player pianos, in the 1800s. But the first attempts at an amplified instrument did not come until the development of electrical amplification by the radio industry in the 10s.

Photos courtesy Gibson Guitars

Peter Townsend and the PeteTownsend Signature SG guitar from Gibson

One of the earliest innovators was Lloyd Loar, an engineer at Gibson Guitar Company. In 14, Loar developed an electric pickup for the viola and the string bass. In Loars pickup design, the strings passed vibrations through the bridge to the magnet and coil, which registered those vibrations and passed the electric signal on to an amplifier. The first commercially advertised electric guitar, made by the Stromberg-Voisinet company in 18, utilized a similar pickup, with vibrations being picked up from the soundboard.

The goal of these early innovators was to amplify the natural sound of the guitar, but the signal was too weak. It was only when engineers utilized a more direct pickup system, in which the electromagnet registered string vibration from the strings themselves, that the modern electric guitar became a reality. The first commercially successful model, the so-called Frying Pan, was developed and marketed by George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker in 1. (Check out this site for more information.)

Please note that this sample paper on guitars is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on guitars, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on guitars will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mary rowlandson and frankenstein

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on mary rowlandson and frankenstein. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality mary rowlandson and frankenstein paper right on time.

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Adapting and surviving within new worlds.

In both Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Mary Rowlandson's The Sovereignty and Goodness of God both Victors creation and Mary Rowlandson deal with learning means of adapting and survival within the new worlds they are placed within and the psychological effect it has on both characters. Within Frankenstein you have Victors creation, a deformed creature that is born into this world out of Victors madness and then abandoned by his creator leaving him to survive in a world that would either accept or destroy him for being something other then human, a monster. Within The Sovereignty and Goodness of God you have Mary Rowlandson who is kidnapped along with her children and forced to live with people she refers to as the savages. While living with them she slowly learns the means and ways of surviving every day life within the small communities of the savages.

When the creature awakens in Frankenstein, he awakens into this new world were he has to learn how to adapt in order to survive. The creature slowly learns how to use its senses but also means of survival such as fire. One day, when I was oppressed by cold, I found a fire…and was overcome with delight at the warmth…In my joy I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain.(-7) Here and in later lines the creature learns the essentials of creating and using fire. I found that these people possessed a method of communicating…by articulating sounds…I ardently desired to become acquainted with it.(-78) Here the creature becomes aware of speech and its importance between humans, he realizes that he to must learn to articulate these sounds of emotions and feelings in order to be able to communicate with humans.

Within Frankenstein you have the story of a man named Victor Frankenstein who out of the ideals of death and mortality creates a creature new to this world yet because of the creatures deformity abandons him into a world that in many ways would choose the creatures fait. I worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body…but now that I have finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart.(-5) With this passage we get a sense of the creatures first abandonment. The creature is not only created but also abandoned by his creator.Write my Essay on mary rowlandson and frankenstein for me

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God is a book written by Mary Rowlandson dealing with her captivity by Native Americans. Mary Rowlandson was a Puritan who held the word of God, the bible, dear to her, she drew on the bible to supplDuring her captivity Mary not only learned how to function within the Indian society but also how to live as one of them.

In order to survive Mary Rowlandson had to live with the Indian captors but more then that become a part of their society.

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Retinal Detatchment

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The retina is a thin membrane made up of nerve cells that line the back 60% of your eyeball. The nerve cells in the retina detect light and send signals to the brain about what your eye sees. The retina consists of two layers that line the back portion of the eye. The sensory retina contains nerve cells that process visual information and send it to the brain. In a normal retina, the two layers lie in contact with each other. Retinal detachment occurs when the sensory retina becomes separated from the retinal pigment epithelium or RPE and the wall of the eye. Fluid from the eye flows into the space between the two layers, further separating them.

Retinal detachment most often results from posterior vitreous detachment, a harmless condition that commonly affects older adults. Injury to the eye, a blow to the head, eye disease, and conditions such as diabetes can lead to retinal detachment at any age. Tears or holes in the retina form which may lead to retinal detachment by allowing fluid from the middle of the eye to collect under the retina. Traction on the retina pulls the retina away from the layers beneath it. Fluid buildup in the space under the retina, push the retina away from the wall of the eye. Many symptoms are Floaters in your field of vision. Floaters are usually thick strands or clumps of solid. They often appear as dark specks or globs. A sudden shower of floaters may be a sign of a retinal tear.

There are three main types of retinal detachment. The most common type is called rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The retinal detachment results from a tear or hole in the retina, also called a retinal break. A retinal break allows fluid from the middle of the eye to flow into the space under the retina and push the retina away from the wall of the eye. Other types of retinal detachment are less common. Retinal detachment affects peripheral vision first. Vision loss tends to get worse over time, as more of the retina becomes detached. Once the detachment spreads to the center of the retina, vision loss will become severe or even total. If a person does not have surgery to repair the detached retina, the vision loss will become permanent. Although retinal detachment can occur at any age, it is most common in older adults.

Vision loss from retinal detachment can progress from minor to severe or total if the person does not seek treatment. Some detachments do not get worse, but many spread to include other parts of the retina within a few hours or days. Retinal detachment almost always demands urgent care. Retinal tears and holes, however, often do not need treatment because many of them will not lead to retinal detachment. The retina sometimes develops small, round holes as it ages. These holes are often not a problem.

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Treatment for retinal detachment always involves surgery. Surgery can repair most retinal detachments and restore good vision in many cases. Treatment for retinal tears also involves surgery using lasers or other methods. Tears that occur with symptoms like floaters are more likely to lead to a retinal detachment and to require treatment. In these cases, repairing the tear can often prevent detachment and potential vision loss. The retina can be reattached about 0% of the time. How well a person sees after surgery depends on other factors. The longer a person waits for surgery, the lower the chances for good vision. Once the retina loses contact with the layers of the eye that support it, vision starts to suffer.

To prevent this problem, a person should wear protective glasses when doing anything that can effect their sight, such as hammering, working with power tools or yard tools such as weed eaters and lawn mowers, or doing any activity that might result in small objects flying. There is no connection between obesity because detached retinas often occur with elderly people. It does not connect to health in any way. It is always better to be as healthy as you can be, but there is no health connection with detached retinas at this time. Also, you can be as fit as possible, but it wouldn't make a difference with a detached retina because health does not relate to this.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. http//www.theretinasource.com/conditions/retinal_detachment.htm

. http//www.rnib.org.uk/info/retdet.htm

. http//www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic504.htm

4. http//www.djo.harvard.edu/meei/PI/RD.html

5. http//www.nei.nih.gov/health/retinaldetach/

6. http//www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/retinadetach.htm

7. http//www.stlukeseye.com/Conditions/RetinalDetachment.asp

8. http//www.avclinic.com/RetinalDetachment.htm

. http//www.avclinic.com/RetinalDetachment.htm

10. http//www.moorfields.co.uk/EyeHealth/RetinalDetachment

11. http//www.visionchannel.net/retinaldetachment/

1. http//www.eri.harvard.edu/htmlfiles/retdet.html

1. www.kellogg.umich.edu/conditions/ retina/detached_retina.html

14. www.eyesite.ca/english/public-information/ eye-conditions/retinal-detachment.htm

15. www.rcophth.ac.uk/publications/retinal.html

16. www.lowvision.org/retinal_detachment.htm

17. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/00107.htm

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Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

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Abstract

The study of the forces within the individual moving him towards executing a job has evolved enormously from the times when the individual craftsman shifted to the individual contributor within business organizations. Motivational theory originated from the challenges encountered by management to get their subordinates to carry out a particular job.

This paper provides an explanation of the origins of Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor motivational theory and a view of its application to modern industry. The results and conclusions of this paper reveal varied motivating factors among individuals; it also identifies improved communication, effective coordination and training as factors that enhance motivation among modern-day employees.

IntroductionFor years, motivational theory has been getting increasing attention from employers around the world. The motivational theories that evolved ever since the work life of man started to move around the business organization have gone through enormous changes. Different schools of thought have led to theories, some empirically proven, some just pure theories, trying to explain the factors that really move man to carry out a job. The evolution of these theories have moved from the days when it was thought that man is passive and needs to be guided to do what he is intended to do, to the more recent thought that man has needs and that he is moved to carry out a job to satisfy those needs.

This paper will present Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor theory, which is one of the theories that evolved from this last thought. Having evolved from Maslow's Need Theory, one of the earliest theories of this school of thought, Herzberg's theory has been greatly studied and applied on the modern work environment and has served as the base for other motivational theories. This paper will present a background of the evolution of this theory, its difficulties and modern day experiences which can be explained on the base of this theory.

Background on Motivational Theory

It has been argued that the weak aspects of Maslow's need theory are that his terms are vague and overlap one another and that the hierarchic division of needs is not a universal characteristic, as Maslow himself originally suggested. Most studies conducted, testing Maslow's theory have not been very supportive. Maslow intended to support the universality of his theory suggesting that it may be applied cross-culturally. However, Maslow himself proposed many exceptions and modifications to his own theory, which has been pointed out as a contradiction to his original claim as to its universality. For example, Maslow proposed that the different categories of needs might shift and change over the lifetime of individuals so that the different levels of needs are related more to age and career status than to satisfaction of basic needs. Despite its criticism, it has been said that Maslow's theory, being intuitively attractive, early-developed and endorsed liberally, was converted into an icon of motivation theory, adopted by the practicing managers.

The recognition of the fact that needs do vary among individuals led to the development of other motivation theories. Some of the developed theories borrowed concepts from Maslow; some of them dropped questionable concepts from his theory and combined need theory with parts of other theories.

Having evolved from Maslow's need theory, Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory is one of the many motivation theories that resulted out of the inability of the first to proof itself empirically. Herzberg's two-factor theory evolves from his beliefs that work factors; that is, all aspects surrounding our work environment, should be divided into two groups (1) motivational factors, which he called satisfiers, and () hygiene factors, or dissatisfiers.

The motivational factors are those aspects that make a job rewarding in itself. These factors are intrinsic because they are a direct result of the job itself within the individual. They refer to a person's perception of themselves having control over both environmental events and their own behavior. Examples of these factors are achievement, recognition, advancement, responsibility, work itself, and growth possibilities. The lack of motivators does not cause dissatisfaction, but rather de-motivation.

The hygiene factors are those aspects of the job without which the individual can not fulfill his basic needs. These factors are extrinsic because they do not originate from within the individual, but rather are provided to him directly or indirectly as part of his work environment. Examples of these factors are pay, status, job security, working conditions, company policies, quality of peer relations, and supervision. The lack of these hygiene factors does not cause de-motivation, but rather dissatisfaction.

For example, research scientists or electronic technicians, or simply anyone with a high technical background is more likely to be motivated by the intrinsic qualities of their jobs than an assembly line operator. While the first might be motivated by the possibility of making a discovery or the satisfaction of solving a complex problem, the latter is more likely to be motivated by extrinsic factors like a safe work environment, good pay, or good benefit plans.

Difficulties of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

Herzberg's work has been criticized in many ways. The most serious criticism of his work concerns the interview method employed by him to conduct his research, as compared to other researchers who have tested his theory using other methods and who have obtained different results. Other theorists based on research and on logical analysis have argued it is sometimes difficult to classify certain job factors as motivators or as hygiene factors. Motivational and hygiene factors vary from one individual to another, based on their familiar, ethnic or professional background.

They also vary from one country to another because of the difference in culture, history, social and political situation. Several studies have been conducted to compare the motivational factors between workers of different cultures. One of such studies compared U.S. workers and Chinese workers. It was found that U.S. workers are motivated by interesting work and appreciation for a job well done, whereas Chinese workers are motivated by good wages and good working conditions.

Motivational and hygiene factors may even vary from one business organization to another since each one has its own organizational culture backed by policies and practices. Because of the diversity of the factors that motivate some individuals more than others, experts have argued that there is no such thing as an ideal job. A job is ideal only for the person who is motivated by what the job has to offer. The individual features of a job have an effect on a worker's motivation only to the extent that the worker wants or needs more of what the job has to offer.

The difficulty in making the distinction of what is to be considered a motivating factor and what a hygiene factor relies on the fact that needs differ considerably among individuals and that they change over time. Some individuals have a set of hygiene factors (needs) and another set of motivating factors at some point in time, but a completely different set of both at another point in time. The shifting of these factors and the diversity of individual characters on the jobsite complicate managers' motivational tasks enormously.

Manager and Supervisor Responsibility in view of the Two-Factor Theory

One of the vital tasks of a manager is to motivate his employees. It is assumed that managers and supervisors must 'do something' to get their subordinates to do their jobs with diligence and good attitude. The idea of motivating employees to do their job has come a long way since the early days of the industrial revolution. The first motivation theories, or should we say styles, originated from the premise that the individual is a passive being and that he won't move unless he receives some incentives to do so. The motivational theory developed by Herzberg originates from the questioning of the validity of this statement. In reality, the majority of human beings have the need to do something by themselves, to seek some excitement in what they do.

Please note that this sample paper on Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Food and hygine

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on food and hygine. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality food and hygine paper right on time.

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For this sac write up I chose to study Doms Night Club and Tavern. Doms is situated in the main street of Mildura and it is a story complex. The tavern specialises in lunch and dinner and serves a wide range of meat, chicken, fish and salad dishes as well as many cakes and deserts. Doms holds many functions each year such as weddings, birthdays, funeral gatherings and parties.

Doms does have an accident prevention plan in place, works by all staff being trained to be able to do any task if they were needed to do so, and all equipment has the appropriate safety information and instructions near buy. All emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, eye rinse and fist aid boxes are all clearly mark and all staff are aware were they are and how to use them. Also there are all appropriate emergency numbers near the phone.

Doms have certain rules that the staff have to abide by while they are working, these rules are in place to help them remain safe and not injured while they are working. One of the most important rules to follow is the maximum height aloud to be lifted by and staff member. For males the 0kgs and the females is 11kgs. Other rules about lifting would be the amount of meals or drinks aloud to be carried at one time to insure that none are dropped.

At Doms all food is stored in one of the two fridge rooms, the freezer or in the food storage room. All food is labelled and dated then stored. All chemicals and cleaning products are also labelled and stored in there own little storage room.

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Some of the obvious hazards in the kitchen area would be the deep fryer, the rotisserie, large knifes and the oven and food warmers.

Some of the responsibilities that employees have when there are working, are they all must be clean and tidy wearing correct uniform and to wear it in the correct manner, also for the bar staff not to serve drinks to under age people, or drunk misbehaving customers, the cooks to wear aprons and hair nets and to continuously clean all cooking utensils and also to clean surface and cutting area thoroughly for each stage of the task, also for the waitress to make sure none has to wait to long to be served or for there meal.

Some of the responsibilities of the employer are to make sure there staff are following the rules/regulations and doing the right standard of work, to make sure there are no misbehaving customers and if so to deal or get rid of them and just make sure everything is running smoothly.

Uniform for all staff (excluding the cooks) is black pants, black well-maintained leather shoes, the company polo shirt and company apron. The cooks wear a fully white uniform with a white apron hair net and if desired a white hat with any colour leather shoes.

Over all I think doms is a well-run business that has the correct guidelines for its workers to abide by and it follows all health and safety regulations. If I were to work there I would have total piece of mined that I was safe and not in any danger because I was prepared for every thing.

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