Australian Aboriginals

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The way in which humans have managed to survive the varying terrains and climates on earth is a most interesting topic to research. My journey so far has been an attempt to investigate how people past and present including myself are able to survive in the wilderness.

I have conducted further into how Australian Aboriginals have developed effective survival techniques. Compared to other places on earth has extreme variations in both its terrain and climatic conditions yet in the past aboriginals managed to inhabit and coexist with this harsh continent. One thing aboriginals had to master was the ability to hunt and gather food. They developed ingenious techniques to hunt bird, fish and large game. One of their more interesting methods was the use of a duck net. Used on the Murrumbidgee River, they placed large nets of fibre strung across watercourses to trap ducks and other birds. It was an effective and simple way to obtain large quantities of food. The aboriginals used fire to drive out larger game. They accomplished this by lighting a fire in a semi circle and lying in wait on the other side of the fire as the animals would run out and then be killed with spears and boomerangs. They used this method to trap animals such as kangaroos and emus.

Aboriginals developed numerous weapons that enabled them to kill their prey effectively. One such weapon was a spear thrower. This was often a multi purpose implement the edge could be used as a fire saw, stone flake might be attached to the handle to act as a knife or , and the curved body was used as a mixing bowl. In essence the spear thrower was used to throw spears. It accomplished this by having a point on one end of the thrower and on the blunt end of the spear there was a lump of resin that the point of the thrower was very effective as it allowed the thrower to propel the spear three �four times further.

In an attempt to investigate how humans survive in modern times without the luxuries of modern life of modern life I read "Lion Heart" The Jesse Martin Story. This book is an account of a 17-year-old boys solo and unassisted journey around the world in a yacht. It is an extremely inspiring story and proves that determination; courage and a will to succeed are the foundations of survival. For Jesse survival in the first few weeks were the most difficult, he had to face his biggest challenge, loneliness. Surviving in the wilderness alone lead to him commenting that if it were possible to cry 4 hours a day, 7 days a week he would have, as this is how desperate he felt. Apart from overcoming loneliness his next biggest challenge was to cope with Mother Nature and the perils of the seas. He needed to quickly learn how to survive at sea including navigation techniques, how to manage strong winds and rough seas. Furthermore he struggled with the ability to ration food and fresh water. Originally he had packed sufficient food and water for 10 months but the journey took 11 months. Having run out of fresh water he needed to employ the survival techniques of collecting rainwater from the surface of the boat. One method he used was to sponge water off the boat and into a water bottle, surprisingly he managed to collect 1 ½ gerry cans of water (0 litres). Help with essay on Australian Aboriginals

One of the most inspiring things I learnt from reading the Jesse Martin story was reflected in a comment he made at the end of the book, " I am eighteen, I don't have a real job, I haven't finished school and I think I'm allergic to business suits, but I have the most important thing, the ability to dream." Additionally my interests in the psychological aspects of survival were heightened after having read this book. I learnt that being able to survive emotionally is just as important as having the skills to build shelter, make fire, gather food and collect water. Therefore I have decided to add to my research by investigating the psychological effects of survival in the wilderness.

As part of my major project I put myself into a situation where I tested my own survival techniques. During the holidays I visited my uncle's farm near Exeter in the Southern Highlands, where I conducted a number of experiments on wilderness survival over a two-day period. On the first day I left his house only with a video camera and my survival kit containing a compass, fishing line, hook and sinkers, needle and thread, a plastic sheet pura tabs, a first aid kit, a wire saw, a flint, snare wire and a bush stove. I headed off alone in a northwest direction until I reached an isolated area of the farm. I proceeded to do, as most survival books would tell you to do and construct a shelter. I did this by using a plastic sheet, wood I collected, fishing line and an axe. I found this not only easy to construct but found it to be a very effective. Next I attempted to build a snare trap, as the acquisition of food is essential for survival. I built a basic design, which was also most effective; both the shelter and snare trap will be included in my handbook. Following my success I ventured off in search of edible mushrooms. To my dismay I found only poisonous mushrooms and at that stage realized that I myself needed a greater knowledge on how to find and identify edible mushrooms. I discovered a clear outline of edible and nonedible plant types is therefore essential in a good survival handbook. Unlike a great number of survivors I was able to return to the comforts of a warm farmhouse.

The next day I went out to build a shelter, trap and some travelling equipment e.g. backpack frame, and sled. I began the day by building a shelter out of just the materials that I was able to find within the area. The materials I found were wood, string made from bark and leaves. The outcome was a successful shelter. I then attempted to build a spear death fall traps. The way I did this was by lashing a young tree to a bigger mature tree and connecting spikes made of wood to the end of the young tree and then I attempted to build the trigger mechanism, which was extremely difficult. After 1/ hours of trying, I was unable to complete the trap. I had planned another task that I didn't complete due to injury.

Background on Shelter

Shelters are one of the most important aspects of survival. It is necessary for shade, warmth and to repel wind and rain. Sleep and adequate rest are essential for survival.

Where to camp is very important. Places to avoid are;- hilltops that are exposed to wind, valley bottoms and deep hollow- could be damp and especially when the sky is clear, may be prone to frost. Hillside terraces where the ground holds moisture should be avoided.

The best places to camp would be somewhere sheltered from the wind, on rising ground that has no risk of flooding and is safe from rock falls or avalanches.

Hot air rises, cold air sinks, so valley bottoms will often contain pockets of colder air and in cold weather be susceptible to frost and damp mist.

Ideally you should be close to water, with a good supply of wood. You should not be too close to water because you may be exposed to insects and snakes, the sound of running water could disguise dangerous sounds.

On riverbanks look for high water marks, in mountain regions streams can become torrents in minutes. Watercourses should be avoided on plains even if they look dry.

Check above your head for bees and wasp nests and for dead wood in trees that could crash down during a storm or high winds. Solitary trees should be avoided because they attract lightening.

Traps and Trapping

There are many elaborate traps with complicated mechanisms. They take time to build and demand physical effort. The survivor needs simple traps that are easily remembered and easy to construct. However, because each animal has different habits a wide variety of traps are essential.

Where to trap is determined by finding the game trails or runs, which lead to an animal's home to where it feeds or waters. Any natural bottleneck along the route where it will have to pass through a particular position- an area where there is an obstruction is an ideal place to set a trap.

The simpler traps and snares are made of string or wire. It will be easier to keep a loop open in the air if you use wire. All you really need is a knife, wood and wire. A strong springy wood is important to use don't use wood that has fallen on the ground.

There are a few rules to follow when making your traps, firstly try not to disturb the environment. If at all possible hide your scent by using gloves and handling the trap as little as possible.

Camouflage any freshly cut ends of wood with mud; cover any snare or trap on the ground with the surroundings.

Snares are the simplest of traps and should be part of any survival kit. They are made with a hangman's knot at one end through which the other end of the wire passes before being firmly anchored to a stake or rock or tree. A snare is a free-running noose, which can catch small game.

A snare can be improvised from string rope twine or wire. You make the loop a fist width wide, set it four fingers above the ground and one hand's width from an obstruction or trail. Finally check that it is securely anchored, with twigs to support the loop in position if necessary.

Surviving can be a very dangerous experience if you are not prepared with the basic knowledge and equipme

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